Journal of Personality and Psychosomatic Research (JPPR)
E-ISSN: 3041-8542 Director in Charge: Dr. Ali Aghaziarati Editor-in-chief: Prof. Dr. Şennur Tutarel Kışlak Owner: KMAN Research Institute Publisher: KMANPUB (KMAN Publication Inc.) Contact Email: jppr@kmanpub.com Open Access: YES The Journal of Personality and Psychosomatic Research, published by KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB), is a reputable scholarly open-access journal that focuses on the intersection of personality psychology and psychosomatic medicine. The journal covers a wide range of topics within these fields, including trait theories, personality development, personality assessment and measurement, psychoneuroimmunology, stress and health, mind-body interactions, psychological factors in chronic illness, health behavior change, quality of life and well-being, psychotherapy and treatment outcomes, diagnostic and assessment tools, mental health interventions, social cognition and behavior, interpersonal relationships, group dynamics and influence, attention and perception, memory and learning, cognitive processes and decision making, brain-behavior relationships, cognitive impairment and dementia, neurorehabilitation and recovery, happiness and well-being, resilience and positive adaptation, positive interventions and flourishing, lifespan development, attachment and social development, cognitive and emotional development, culture and self-concept, cross-cultural differences in psychological processes, and acculturation and cultural adaptation. With its rigorous open peer-review process and diverse range of articles, the Journal of Personality and Psychosomatic Research serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and students interested in understanding the complex interplay between personality factors and physical and mental health outcomes. About the Publisher Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. Publisher Office: Unit 5‑10825 Yonge St, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C 3E3 https://journals.kmanpub.com Email: kmanpu@kmanpub.com Telegram: +1 (647) 656‑4401 | WhatsApp: +1 (437) 429‑3507 Germany Office: Dratelnstrasse, Wohnung A60, 21119 Hamburg, Germany (+4915207720487)
Identifying Key Psychological Predictors of Mind–Body Health Discrepancy
This study aimed to identify the key psychological predictors that contribute to discrepancies between perceived mental well-being and physical health among adults in Singapore. A qualitative research design with an interpretive phenomenological approach was adopted to explore the psychological mechanisms underlying mind–body health incongruence. A total of 21 adult participants (12 females, 9 males; aged 26–54 years) were recruited through purposeful sampling based on self-reported differences between their psychological and physical health experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews lasting 60–90 minutes and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework with the aid of NVivo 14 software. Theoretical saturation was achieved after the 21st interview. Rigor was ensured through member checking, audit trails, and peer debriefing. The analysis revealed four major psychological domains explaining the mind–body health discrepancy: (1) Emotional dysregulation and somatic sensitivity, reflecting the translation of unprocessed emotions into bodily symptoms; (2) Cognitive appraisal and belief systems, indicating that maladaptive health beliefs, perfectionism, and mind–body dualism contribute to misaligned health perceptions; (3) Behavioral and lifestyle misalignment, showing inconsistent self-care and maladaptive coping strategies that sustain perceptual dissonance; and (4) Interpersonal and sociocultural determinants, encompassing social expectations, family communication patterns, and cultural norms that reinforce emotional suppression and health misperception. Collectively, these themes suggest that subjective health perception is shaped more by cognitive–emotional regulation and social context than by biological status. The study underscores that mind–body health discrepancy arises from the convergence of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. Enhancing emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and social support systems may reduce such incongruence and promote holistic well-being. These findings provide a conceptual foundation for integrative psychological and medical interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angel Lee , Yoko Wong (Author); Xian Seng Neo (Corresponding Author)
Identifying Core Personality Predictors of Psychophysiological Health Outcomes
This study aimed to explore how stable personality traits, particularly conscientiousness and neuroticism, influence psychophysiological health outcomes through emotional regulation, behavioral patterns, and cognitive–affective integration among adults in Canada. This qualitative study employed a descriptive–exploratory design to examine the lived experiences of individuals regarding the interaction between personality and psychophysiological well-being. Twenty-one adult participants (11 women, 10 men) aged 25–55 from various provinces in Canada were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, each lasting 60–90 minutes, and analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo 14 software. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The analytic process followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework, including open and axial coding to derive major themes. Credibility was ensured through member checking and peer debriefing. Three major themes emerged from the data: (1) Emotional Regulation and Stress Reactivity, capturing the link between personality traits, emotion control, and physiological stress responses; (2) Personality Dispositions Influencing Health Behavior, emphasizing conscientiousness and neuroticism as primary determinants of health-promoting or risk behaviors; and (3) Cognitive–Affective Integration and Meaning Construction, illustrating how mindfulness, meaning in life, and self-reflection mediate personality’s effect on physiological well-being. Participants high in conscientiousness reported adaptive coping, lower stress reactivity, and greater resilience, while those with high neuroticism experienced more psychosomatic symptoms but sometimes converted anxiety into health vigilance—reflecting the “healthy neuroticism” effect. Personality traits, particularly conscientiousness and neuroticism, are central predictors of psychophysiological health. Their interaction shapes emotional regulation, behavioral consistency, and physiological adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayed Hadi Sayed Alitabar (Corresponding Author); Farzad Goli , Ava Goli (Author)
Prioritizing Personality-Based Pathways of Stress Reactivity and Psychosomatic Illness
This study aimed to identify, conceptualize, and prioritize the personality-based pathways that contribute to stress reactivity and psychosomatic illness through an integrated mixed-method approach. The research employed a two-phase sequential mixed-method design. In the qualitative phase, a comprehensive literature review was conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, and the extracted data were analyzed using NVivo 14 to identify recurring personality-based mechanisms underlying psychosomatic illness. In the quantitative phase, a structured questionnaire developed from the qualitative findings was distributed to 250 adult participants in the United Arab Emirates. Respondents rated the importance of nine personality-based pathways on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26, employing descriptive and inferential statistics to rank the identified pathways based on mean scores and standard deviations. The analysis revealed that neuroticism and emotional instability (M = 4.62, SD = 0.41), psychophysiological integration pathways (M = 4.56, SD = 0.48), and alexithymia and emotional unawareness (M = 4.47, SD = 0.53) were the top-ranked predictors of psychosomatic vulnerability. Mid-level contributors included perfectionism and self-criticism, stress appraisal and cognitive schemas, and emotion regulation strategies, while extraversion and social connectivity and conscientiousness and coping regulation ranked lowest, indicating a primarily protective rather than causative role. Inferential tests confirmed significant differences in perceived importance across demographic groups (p < .05), reinforcing the robustness of the model. The findings demonstrate that psychosomatic illness arises from a hierarchical interaction of personality-driven emotional, cognitive, and physiological processes, with neuroticism, alexithymia, and physiological dysregulation forming the core vulnerability triad. These results underscore the importance of personality assessment in psychosomatic health management and highlight the need for personality-informed preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizreza Ghasemzadeh (Corresponding Author); Maryam Saadat (Author)
Ranking Cognitive–Affective Factors in the Development of Psychosomatic Illness
This study aimed to identify and rank the key cognitive–affective factors contributing to the development of psychosomatic illness through an integrated qualitative–quantitative research design. A mixed-methods sequential design was employed. In the qualitative phase, an extensive literature review of 127 scientific sources published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted to identify the principal cognitive–affective mechanisms underlying psychosomatic illness. Using NVivo 14 software, open and axial coding were applied until theoretical saturation was achieved, resulting in seven major thematic categories. In the quantitative phase, a structured questionnaire was developed based on these qualitative findings and administered to 288 adult participants from Portugal. Participants rated the importance of each factor on a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with descriptive and inferential analyses determining the ranking and significance of each factor. The results showed that emotional dysregulation was the most influential factor contributing to psychosomatic illness (M = 4.62, SD = 0.43), followed by stress reactivity and coping deficits (M = 4.48, SD = 0.52) and maladaptive cognitive appraisal (M = 4.36, SD = 0.58). Relational and attachment factors ranked fourth (M = 4.27, SD = 0.61), while body–emotion misattribution and personality traits followed with moderate influence. Health beliefs and mind–body awareness received the lowest mean score (M = 3.89, SD = 0.67). Inferential analyses indicated statistically significant differences across demographic groups, with higher psychosomatic sensitivity observed among participants with greater emotional suppression and lower coping efficacy. The findings highlight emotional dysregulation and maladaptive stress processing as the most critical cognitive–affective determinants of psychosomatic illness. Interventions targeting emotion regulation, adaptive coping, and cognitive restructuring are essential to prevent and manage psychosomatic symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Giselle Mata , Diana Rodrigues da Silva (Author); Beatriz Peixoto (Corresponding Author)
Dimensions of Sexual Self-Concept in Women with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Exploration
This study aimed to explore and interpret the dimensions of sexual self-concept among women living with endometriosis, focusing on how chronic pelvic pain, emotional distress, and relational factors shape their perceptions of sexuality and identity. A qualitative exploratory design was employed using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 20 women diagnosed with endometriosis residing in Canada. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, ensuring variation in age, marital status, and duration since diagnosis. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework, supported by NVivo 14 software for coding and data organization. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking, peer debriefing, and maintaining an audit trail. Analysis revealed three overarching themes: (1) Altered Body and Self-Perception, describing loss of femininity, body shame, and internalized guilt; (2) Emotional and Relational Challenges in Sexual Intimacy, highlighting fear of pain, avoidance of intercourse, communication barriers, and relational insecurity; and (3) Coping, Adaptation, and Sexual Empowerment, encompassing self-acceptance, meaning-making, spiritual coping, and redefinition of sexual identity. Participants demonstrated both vulnerability and resilience, reconstructing their sexual self-concept through self-compassion, supportive relationships, and advocacy. The findings indicate that endometriosis affects not only physical sexuality but also emotional identity and relational dynamics. Sexual self-concept in women with endometriosis is a multidimensional construct shaped by pain, body image, partner understanding, and personal meaning-making. The study underscores the importance of integrating psychosocial and relational support into endometriosis care to promote sexual well-being and identity reconstruction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehdi Rostami (Corresponding Author); Leila Saeidtaleshi (Author)
Identifying Work-Related Psychosomatic Stressors in Healthcare Workers: A Qualitative Exploration
This study aimed to explore and identify the organizational, psychosocial, and behavioral factors contributing to psychosomatic stress among healthcare workers in the United States through an in-depth qualitative analysis of their lived experiences. A qualitative exploratory design was employed to capture healthcare workers’ subjective experiences of psychosomatic stress. Twenty-three participants, including nurses, physicians, technicians, and administrative staff, were purposively selected from hospitals and clinics across the United States. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face or via secure online platforms. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Thematic analysis followed the Braun and Clarke (2006) framework, allowing the identification of recurrent patterns and relationships among concepts. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Three main themes emerged: (1) Organizational and structural stressors—including work overload, administrative pressure, resource scarcity, and unsafe working conditions—were linked to chronic fatigue, headaches, and sleep disturbances; (2) Psychosocial and emotional stressors—such as compassion fatigue, interpersonal strain, and work–family conflict—contributed to emotional exhaustion and physical symptoms; and (3) Psychosomatic manifestations and coping responses—showing how stress materialized as physical pain, anxiety, and maladaptive behaviors, while some workers adopted adaptive coping strategies like mindfulness and peer support. The findings suggest that psychosomatic stress in healthcare settings stems from systemic imbalance rather than individual vulnerability, confirming strong interdependence between emotional and physiological domains. The study highlights that healthcare workers’ psychosomatic distress is rooted in organizational dysfunction and emotional overload.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abbie Wilson , Veronica Longo , Lia Corazza (Author); Seyed Amir Saadati (Corresponding Author)
Components of Body–Self Ambiguity in Dermatology Patients: A Qualitative Study
This study aimed to explore the lived experiences and psychological components of body–self ambiguity among patients with chronic dermatological conditions, focusing on how individuals interpret, negotiate, and reconstruct the meaning of their altered embodiment. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted with 16 dermatology patients (9 women and 7 men) from clinical centers in Tehran between March and August 2025. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure variation in age, gender, diagnosis, and illness duration. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews that invited participants to describe their personal experiences of body–self disconnection and social perception. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis using NVivo 14 software. Theoretical saturation was achieved after the sixteenth interview. Trustworthiness was ensured through triangulation, member checking, and maintaining an audit trail of analytical decisions. Analysis revealed four overarching themes representing the components of body–self ambiguity in dermatology patients: (1) Fragmented Body Awareness, describing disconnection from one’s bodily image and sensory estrangement; (2) Emotional Turbulence in the Self–Body Relationship, involving shame, anxiety, and emotional fatigue in response to visible changes; (3) Social Mirror and External Reflection, capturing stigma, social withdrawal, and the internalization of others’ judgments; and (4) Meaning Reconstruction and Adaptation, denoting acceptance, spirituality, and creative self-expression as pathways toward re-integrating body and self. These findings highlight body–self ambiguity as a fluid and multidimensional experience shaped by emotional, social, and cultural contexts. The study concludes that dermatological illness profoundly alters patients’ bodily self-concept, evoking fragmentation yet also fostering potential for meaning reconstruction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mansour Abdi (Corresponding Author); Parisa Bagheri, Maryam Ranjbar (Author)
Dimensions of Resilience Among Women with Autoimmune Conditions: A Qualitative Study in Tehran
This study aimed to explore and conceptualize the multidimensional nature of resilience among women living with autoimmune conditions, focusing on their cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual adaptation processes. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed to gain a deep understanding of women’s lived experiences of resilience while coping with autoimmune diseases. Using purposive sampling, twenty-one women diagnosed with autoimmune conditions—including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and thyroid disorders—were recruited from medical centers in Tehran. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews lasting 45–75 minutes. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework with the assistance of NVivo 14 software. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking, peer debriefing, and maintaining an audit trail. Thematic analysis revealed four overarching dimensions of resilience: (1) Cognitive Adaptation—involving reframing illness, future orientation, and meaning-making through knowledge; (2) Emotional Regulation—including acceptance, emotional endurance, and positive emotional expression; (3) Social Connectedness—encompassing family support, peer empathy, and identity reconstruction through relationships; and (4) Spiritual and Existential Resilience—defined by faith, gratitude, moral integrity, and spiritual integration with medical care. Resilience among women with autoimmune diseases emerges as a multifaceted and culturally embedded phenomenon, rooted in cognitive flexibility, emotional mastery, social solidarity, and spiritual meaning-making. Interventions should therefore adopt holistic and culturally sensitive approaches that address both psychosocial and existential needs, empowering women to live purposefully despite chronic adversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sepideh Mahmoodzadeh (Author); Mehdi Ghezelseflo (Corresponding Author); Farnaz Rahsepar Monfared (Author)
Sleep Quality Mediating the Relationship between Workload Stress and Emotional Exhaustion in Employed Females
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between workload stress and emotional exhaustion among employed females. A descriptive correlational design was adopted, and data were collected from 390 employed women in Canada using standardized self-report instruments. Workload stress was measured by the Workload Subscale of the Occupational Stress Inventory–Revised (Osipow, 1998), sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989), and emotional exhaustion by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Sampling was determined using the Morgan and Krejcie (1970) table, ensuring representativeness across occupational groups. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 for descriptive and correlational statistics and AMOS-21 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the mediation model. Model fit was evaluated through multiple indices, including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA. The results indicated that workload stress significantly predicted emotional exhaustion both directly (β = 0.41, p < .001) and indirectly through sleep quality (β = 0.16, p < .001). Workload stress was positively associated with poor sleep quality (β = 0.38, p < .001), and poor sleep quality was strongly related to higher emotional exhaustion (β = 0.44, p < .001). The total effect of workload stress on emotional exhaustion was substantial (β = 0.57, p < .001). Model fit indices demonstrated an excellent fit (χ²(54) = 87.43, χ²/df = 1.62, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.041), confirming the adequacy of the hypothesized model. The study highlights that workload stress significantly contributes to emotional exhaustion among employed females, with sleep quality serving as a crucial mediating mechanism. These findings emphasize the importance of sleep health as a psychological and physiological buffer in occupational stress management. Organizations should prioritize interventions that regulate workload and promote restorative sleep to mitigate emotional exhaustion and enhance employee well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paulo Castro-Medina, Sabine Kraus (Author); Karina Batthyany (Corresponding Author); Neda Atapour (Author)
Cognitive Flexibility Mediating the Link Between Perfectionism and Impostor Feelings Among Female Undergraduate Students
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between perfectionism and impostor feelings among female undergraduate students in Canada. A descriptive correlational research design was employed with a total sample of 400 female undergraduate students selected through stratified random sampling based on the Morgan and Krejcie (1970) table. Standardized self-report instruments were used: the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost et al., 1990) to assess perfectionism, the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) to measure cognitive flexibility, and the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS; Clance, 1985) to assess impostor feelings. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 for descriptive and correlation analyses and AMOS version 21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Model fit was evaluated through indices including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA, with significance determined at p < .05. Results revealed significant relationships among the study variables. Perfectionism was positively correlated with impostor feelings (r = .57, p < .001), while cognitive flexibility was negatively correlated with both perfectionism (r = −.48, p < .001) and impostor feelings (r = −.53, p < .001). The SEM analysis demonstrated excellent model fit (χ²/df = 1.48, GFI = .95, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .035). Perfectionism exerted a significant direct effect on impostor feelings (β = 0.38, p < .001) and a negative effect on cognitive flexibility (β = −0.41, p < .001). Cognitive flexibility significantly predicted lower impostor feelings (β = −0.33, p < .001) and partially mediated the perfectionism–impostor relationship (indirect β = 0.13, p < .01). The findings suggest that cognitive flexibility functions as a protective cognitive mechanism that mitigates the negative impact of perfectionism on impostor feelings. Enhancing cognitive flexibility may therefore reduce self-doubt and promote adaptive coping among perfectionistic female students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela Gottschlich (Corresponding Author); Seyed Amir Saadati (Author)
Evaluating a Yoga-Based Intervention on Mindful Awareness and Stress Reactivity
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an eight-session yoga-based intervention in enhancing mindful awareness and reducing stress reactivity among adults in Kenya. A randomized controlled trial design was employed with 30 adult participants randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 15), which received the yoga intervention, or a control group (n = 15). The intervention consisted of weekly 60–75-minute sessions over eight weeks, integrating yoga postures, breathing exercises, and mindfulness practices. Standardized measurement tools—the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)—were administered at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS-27. Results indicated a significant increase in mindful awareness in the experimental group compared to the control group over time (F(2, 56) = 18.52, p < .001, η² = .407), with sustained effects at follow-up. Similarly, stress reactivity significantly decreased in the experimental group relative to controls (F(2, 56) = 16.73, p < .001, η² = .374), and the improvements persisted at five-month follow-up. Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed significant differences between pre-test and post-test, as well as pre-test and follow-up, for both variables (all p < .001). The findings suggest that a structured yoga-based intervention can significantly improve mindful awareness and reduce stress reactivity in adults, with effects maintained over time. These results support the integration of yoga and mindfulness practices into mental health and wellness programs, especially in low-resource settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Breathing and Relaxation Techniques on Somatic Tension and Trait Anger
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured breathing and relaxation intervention in reducing somatic tension and trait anger among Canadian adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 participants (15 intervention, 15 control) recruited from community and educational centers in Isfahan, Iran. The intervention group underwent ten 60-minute sessions over five weeks, incorporating diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery techniques. Assessments were conducted at pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up using the Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (Muscle Tension Subscale) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests via SPSS-27. Significant main effects of time and group, as well as time × group interactions, were found for both somatic tension (F(2,56) = 36.71, p < .001, η² = .58) and trait anger (F(2,56) = 27.43, p < .001, η² = .49). Post-hoc comparisons revealed a significant reduction in somatic tension from pre-test to post-test (MD = 9.62, p < .001) and from pre-test to follow-up (MD = 11.79, p < .001). Trait anger also decreased significantly between pre-test and post-test (MD = 6.12, p < .001), and between pre-test and follow-up (MD = 6.95, p < .001), with sustained effects over time. Breathing and relaxation techniques are effective in reducing both somatic and emotional symptoms, with benefits persisting up to five months post-intervention. These findings support the integration of psychophysiological self-regulation practices into mental health and stress management programs as non-invasive and cost-effective strategies.
Impact of Virtual Reality Relaxation Training on Somatic Anxiety and Coping Strategies
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an eight-session Virtual Reality Relaxation Training (VRRT) program on reducing somatic anxiety and improving coping strategies in young adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 participants from Armenia, randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 15) receiving VRRT or a control group (n = 15) placed on a waitlist. The intervention consisted of weekly 60-minute sessions over eight weeks, involving immersive virtual environments integrated with guided breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness, and visualization. Somatic anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and coping strategies were assessed with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Assessments were conducted at three time points: pretest, posttest, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests via SPSS-27. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant group × time interaction effects for both somatic anxiety (F = 23.19, p < .001, η² = .462) and coping strategies (F = 19.66, p < .001, η² = .412). Bonferroni post-hoc tests indicated that the experimental group showed a significant reduction in somatic anxiety from pretest to posttest (p < .001), which was sustained at follow-up. Likewise, significant improvements in coping strategies were observed in the experimental group (p < .001), with no significant change in the control group across time. The findings support the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Relaxation Training in reducing somatic anxiety and enhancing coping strategies, with sustained benefits observed up to five months post-intervention. VRRT offers a promising, immersive approach for anxiety management and resilience training among young adults.
The Effectiveness of Mobile-Based Mental Health App on Anxiety and Cognitive Distortions
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile-based mental health application in reducing anxiety symptoms and cognitive distortions among young adult users. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 participants (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) recruited from Iran. The intervention consisted of a mobile application delivering 12 CBT-based sessions over six weeks. Standardized tools—the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS)—were used to assess outcomes at pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests via SPSS-27. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of time (F = 44.52, p < .001, η² = .614 for anxiety; F = 39.73, p < .001, η² = .595 for cognitive distortions), group (F = 35.45, p < .001 for anxiety; F = 41.68, p < .001 for cognitive distortions), and time × group interactions (F = 42.53, p < .001 for anxiety; F = 37.21, p < .001 for cognitive distortions). Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed that the experimental group experienced significant reductions in both anxiety and cognitive distortions from pre-test to post-test (p < .001) and from pre-test to follow-up (p < .001), with no significant relapse over time (p > .05). The findings support the effectiveness of a structured mobile-based mental health application in reducing anxiety and maladaptive thinking patterns. The sustained improvements at five-month follow-up suggest that such digital interventions can offer accessible and durable mental health support.
The Link Between Emotional Awareness and Interpersonal Sensitivity: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional awareness and interpersonal sensitivity, focusing on the mediating role of alexithymia among adults in Egypt. The research employed a descriptive correlational design with a sample of 390 adult participants selected based on Morgan and Krejcie’s sample size table. Participants were recruited from various Egyptian communities and completed standardized questionnaires measuring emotional awareness, alexithymia, and interpersonal sensitivity. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 for Pearson correlation analysis and AMOS-21 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the proposed mediation model. Model fit was assessed using key indices including Chi-square/df, CFI, TLI, GFI, and RMSEA. Results indicated a significant negative correlation between emotional awareness and interpersonal sensitivity (r = –.47, p < .01), and a significant positive correlation between alexithymia and interpersonal sensitivity (r = .59, p < .01). Emotional awareness also showed a significant negative correlation with alexithymia (r = –.54, p < .01). SEM results confirmed that emotional awareness significantly predicted lower alexithymia (β = –.54, p < .001), which in turn significantly predicted higher interpersonal sensitivity (β = .59, p < .001). The direct path from emotional awareness to interpersonal sensitivity remained significant (β = –.28, p = .002), and the indirect effect through alexithymia was also significant (β = –.32, p < .001), indicating partial mediation. The overall model demonstrated good fit (χ²/df = 2.34, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.058). The findings underscore the critical role of emotional awareness in reducing interpersonal sensitivity, both directly and through the mediating influence of alexithymia. Enhancing emotional processing skills may serve as an effective target for interventions aimed at improving social functioning and emotional well-being.
The Influence of Agreeableness on Perceived Social Support: The Mediating Role of Empathy
This study aimed to investigate the influence of agreeableness on perceived social support, with a specific focus on the mediating role of empathy among Indonesian adults. A descriptive correlational research design was used, involving 400 participants selected through stratified random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table. Participants completed standardized self-report instruments: the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Agreeableness), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Empathy), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Pearson correlation analysis was performed using SPSS-27 to examine bivariate relationships among the variables. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS-21 to assess the hypothesized mediational model, with model fit indices evaluated and path coefficients estimated for both direct and indirect effects. Pearson correlations indicated that agreeableness was significantly associated with both empathy (r = .53, p < .01) and perceived social support (r = .41, p < .01), while empathy was also significantly correlated with perceived social support (r = .59, p < .01). The SEM analysis demonstrated good model fit (χ²/df = 2.04, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.051). Direct effects were significant from agreeableness to empathy (β = .53, p < .001), empathy to perceived social support (β = .47, p < .001), and agreeableness to perceived social support (β = .22, p < .001). The indirect effect of agreeableness on perceived social support via empathy was also significant (β = .25, p < .001), confirming the mediation model. Empathy plays a critical mediating role in the relationship between agreeableness and perceived social support. These findings highlight the importance of both personality traits and socio-emotional competencies in shaping individuals’ perceptions of their social networks, especially in collectivist cultures like Indonesia.
Self-Compassion as a Mediator Between Self-Criticism and Physical Symptom Reporting
This study aimed to investigate whether self-compassion mediates the relationship between self-criticism and physical symptom reporting in a sample of Iranian adults. A descriptive correlational research design was employed with a sample of 435 participants selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants completed three standardized self-report instruments: the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSC), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) for physical symptom reporting. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis, and AMOS-21 was used to conduct Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to evaluate the mediation model. The results revealed significant correlations between all study variables. Self-criticism was positively correlated with physical symptom reporting (r = .47, p < .001) and negatively correlated with self-compassion (r = –.53, p < .001). Self-compassion was also negatively associated with physical symptom reporting (r = –.45, p < .001). SEM analysis indicated that the model demonstrated good fit (χ²/df = 2.10, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .051). Direct effects were significant from self-criticism to physical symptom reporting (β = .29, p < .001), from self-criticism to self-compassion (β = –.53, p < .001), and from self-compassion to physical symptom reporting (β = –.26, p < .001). The indirect effect of self-criticism on physical symptoms through self-compassion was also significant (β = .14, p = .002), confirming partial mediation. The findings suggest that self-compassion serves as a psychological buffer that partially mediates the impact of self-criticism on physical symptom reporting. Enhancing self-compassion may reduce the somatic burden of individuals prone to self-critical thinking, offering valuable implications for psychological interventions and health promotion.
Fear of Abandonment and Psychosomatic Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Attachment Insecurity
This study aimed to examine the relationship between fear of abandonment and psychosomatic symptoms and to investigate whether attachment insecurity mediates this relationship in a sample of Chinese young adults. The research followed a descriptive correlational design and included 419 participants from urban areas in China, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Standardized instruments were used to measure fear of abandonment (Fear of Abandonment Scale), attachment insecurity (Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised), and psychosomatic symptoms (PHQ-15). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients in SPSS-27 and structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS-21 to assess the mediating role of attachment insecurity. The results showed that fear of abandonment was positively correlated with both attachment insecurity (r = .62, p < .001) and psychosomatic symptoms (r = .51, p < .001). Attachment insecurity also had a significant positive correlation with psychosomatic symptoms (r = .57, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated good fit indices (χ²/df = 2.13, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .052), confirming the adequacy of the hypothesized model. Path analysis revealed that fear of abandonment significantly predicted attachment insecurity (β = .62, p < .001), which in turn predicted psychosomatic symptoms (β = .46, p < .001). The direct effect of fear of abandonment on psychosomatic symptoms remained significant (β = .22, p = .002), and the indirect effect through attachment insecurity was also significant (β = .29, p < .001), indicating partial mediation. These findings suggest that fear of abandonment contributes to psychosomatic symptoms both directly and indirectly through its impact on attachment insecurity. Addressing attachment-based vulnerabilities may be essential in the psychological treatment of individuals experiencing psychosomatic distress.
Mentalization Mediates the Effect of Emotional Neglect on Psychosomatic Complaints
This study aimed to examine whether mentalization mediates the relationship between emotional neglect and psychosomatic complaints in young adults. A descriptive correlational design was employed involving 379 participants from Pakistan, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants completed three standardized self-report instruments: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF) to assess emotional neglect, the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) to evaluate mentalization, and the Children’s Somatization Inventory (CSI-24) to measure psychosomatic complaints. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation, and AMOS-21 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the proposed mediation model. Assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and homoscedasticity were confirmed prior to analysis. Pearson correlation analysis showed that emotional neglect was positively correlated with psychosomatic complaints (r = .47, p < .001) and negatively correlated with mentalization (r = –.42, p < .001). Mentalization was negatively associated with psychosomatic complaints (r = –.38, p < .001). The SEM revealed excellent model fit indices (χ² = 84.36, df = 41, χ²/df = 2.06, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.053). Path analysis indicated that emotional neglect had a significant direct effect on psychosomatic complaints (β = 0.39, p < .001), as well as an indirect effect mediated by mentalization (β = 0.12, p = .002). The total effect was substantial (β = 0.51, p < .001), confirming mentalization as a partial mediator. The findings highlight the significant mediating role of mentalization in the association between emotional neglect and psychosomatic complaints. This suggests that deficits in reflective functioning may be a key psychological mechanism through which emotional neglect translates into somatic distress. Interventions targeting mentalization may help mitigate the adverse health effects of childhood emotional neglect.
Pain Catastrophizing as a Mediator Between Anxiety Sensitivity and Somatic Symptoms
This study aimed to examine whether pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and somatic symptoms in a community sample of Spanish adults. A descriptive correlational design was employed using self-report measures, including the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). A total of 422 adults from Spain were selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table and completed the questionnaires via online administration. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS-27, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS-21 to assess the hypothesized mediation model and model fit. Descriptive analysis revealed moderate levels of anxiety sensitivity (M = 38.47, SD = 8.62), pain catastrophizing (M = 26.38, SD = 10.17), and somatic symptoms (M = 14.92, SD = 5.78). Pearson correlations showed significant positive relationships between anxiety sensitivity and pain catastrophizing (r = .61, p < .001), anxiety sensitivity and somatic symptoms (r = .49, p < .001), and pain catastrophizing and somatic symptoms (r = .57, p < .001). The SEM results indicated an acceptable model fit (χ²/df = 2.11; CFI = .97; RMSEA = .051), with pain catastrophizing fully mediating the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and somatic symptoms. The indirect effect (β = .28, p < .001) was significant, while the direct effect (β = .12, p = .128) was not. The findings suggest that pain catastrophizing plays a central mediating role in the link between anxiety sensitivity and somatic symptoms. These results underscore the importance of targeting cognitive-affective factors such as catastrophizing in interventions aimed at reducing somatic distress in individuals with high anxiety sensitivity.
Body Dissatisfaction and Somatic Complaints: The Mediating Role of Self-Criticism
This study aimed to investigate whether self-criticism mediates the relationship between body dissatisfaction and somatic complaints in adolescents. A descriptive correlational research design was employed with a sample of 413 high school students from Georgia, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size determination table. Participants completed three standardized self-report instruments: the Body Shape Questionnaire-16 (BSQ-16) for body dissatisfaction, the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSC) for self-criticism, and the Children’s Somatization Inventory (CSI-24) for somatic complaints. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients, and AMOS-21 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess model fit and test the hypothesized mediation model. Descriptive results showed moderate to high levels of body dissatisfaction (M = 56.74, SD = 11.29), self-criticism (M = 89.63, SD = 13.57), and somatic complaints (M = 38.12, SD = 8.41). Pearson correlations indicated significant positive associations between body dissatisfaction and self-criticism (r = .48, p < .001), body dissatisfaction and somatic complaints (r = .44, p < .001), and self-criticism and somatic complaints (r = .52, p < .001). The SEM model demonstrated good fit indices (χ²/df = 1.75, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.042). Path analysis revealed a significant direct effect of body dissatisfaction on somatic complaints (β = .25, p < .001), a significant indirect effect via self-criticism (β = .20, p < .001), and a total effect of β = .45 (p < .001), supporting partial mediation. The findings highlight self-criticism as a significant cognitive mechanism through which body dissatisfaction contributes to somatic complaints in adolescents. Interventions aimed at reducing self-critical thought patterns may help mitigate the negative physical and psychological effects of body dissatisfaction in youth.
Cognitive Flexibility Mediates the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Somatization
This study aimed to examine whether cognitive flexibility mediates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and somatization in adults. A descriptive correlational design was employed using data from 440 adult participants in the United States. The sample size was determined based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Participants completed standardized self-report measures including the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) for somatization. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients, and AMOS-21 was used for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesized mediation model. The results revealed that ACEs were positively correlated with somatization (r = .46, p < .001) and negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility (r = –.39, p < .001). Cognitive flexibility also showed a significant negative correlation with somatization (r = –.41, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated good fit (χ²/df = 2.21, GFI = .96, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .052). SEM results indicated that ACEs significantly predicted somatization both directly (β = .31, p < .001) and indirectly through cognitive flexibility (β = .10, p < .001), with a total effect of β = .41 (p < .001). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility was statistically significant, confirming partial mediation. These findings suggest that cognitive flexibility plays a protective role in the pathway from childhood adversity to physical symptom expression. Interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive flexibility may reduce the severity of somatization among trauma-exposed individuals and contribute to more effective trauma-informed care.
Copyright (c) 2025 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How Personality Affects the Way Individuals Experience and Interpret Physical Symptoms?
This study aimed to explore how personality traits influence individuals' experiences and interpretations of physical symptoms. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 29 participants recruited through online platforms. Theoretical saturation guided data collection, ensuring comprehensive exploration of symptom perception variations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis with NVivo software. The study identified key themes related to emotional responses, cognitive interpretations, behavioral tendencies, and the role of personality traits in shaping symptom perception. The results indicated that neuroticism was associated with heightened symptom sensitivity, emotional amplification, and increased health anxiety, whereas conscientious individuals exhibited structured symptom monitoring and proactive health behaviors. Extraverted participants were more likely to express symptoms openly and seek social reassurance, while introverted individuals internalized their distress and engaged in self-directed coping. Cognitive patterns varied, with some individuals engaging in logical symptom analysis while others exhibited anxiety-driven health rumination and negative interpretation biases. Stress and psychological distress reinforced symptom perception, contributing to a bidirectional relationship between emotional states and physical symptoms. Behavioral responses to symptoms included frequent medical reassurance-seeking, avoidance behaviors, and reliance on alternative health approaches, demonstrating the diverse ways personality shapes health-related decision-making. The findings highlight the critical role of personality in shaping symptom experiences and interpretation, underscoring the need for personalized healthcare approaches. Understanding personality-related differences in symptom perception can inform tailored interventions that address cognitive biases, emotional responses, and behavioral tendencies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadereh Saadati (Corresponding Author); Laya Samiei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Psychological and Somatic Dimensions of Neuroticism: A Qualitative Approach
This study aimed to explore the psychological and somatic dimensions of neuroticism through a qualitative approach. This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 24 participants recruited through online platforms. A phenomenological approach was employed to capture the lived experiences of individuals exhibiting neurotic traits, with data collection continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, following an iterative thematic analysis process involving open, axial, and selective coding to identify core themes related to neuroticism’s psychological and somatic dimensions. Thematic analysis revealed three primary themes: psychological dimensions, somatic manifestations, and coping and behavioral adaptations. Participants reported significant emotional dysregulation, including heightened anxiety, excessive worry, and cognitive rumination. They also exhibited somatic symptoms such as chronic physical tension, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal complaints. Maladaptive coping strategies, including avoidance behaviors, reassurance-seeking, and emotional eating, were prevalent, although some participants engaged in adaptive techniques such as mindfulness and cognitive reframing. The results underscored the complex interplay between neuroticism’s psychological and physiological aspects, contributing to persistent distress and functional impairment. The findings highlight the pervasive impact of neuroticism on emotional, cognitive, and somatic functioning, reinforcing its role as a significant risk factor for psychological distress and health-related concerns. Understanding the lived experiences of individuals with high neurotic traits provides valuable insights for developing targeted interventions focused on emotion regulation, stress management, and adaptive coping mechanisms to mitigate neuroticism’s adverse effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehdi Shomali Ahmadabadi (Corresponding Author); Atefe Brkhordari Ahmadabadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Intrusive Thoughts and Self-Compassion in Predicting Academic Procrastination Among University Students
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between academic procrastination, intrusive thoughts, and self-compassion among university students. This research aimed to determine whether intrusive thoughts and self-compassion can predict academic procrastination behaviors. This cross-sectional study included 302 university students selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie (1970) sample size determination table. Participants completed self-report measures, including the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS), White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses to examine the relationships between the variables. IBM SPSS Statistics version 27 was utilized for data analysis. The results indicated significant correlations between academic procrastination, intrusive thoughts, and self-compassion. Academic procrastination was positively correlated with intrusive thoughts (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-compassion (r = -0.35, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that intrusive thoughts (β = 0.41, p < 0.001) and self-compassion (β = -0.29, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of academic procrastination, explaining 34% of the variance in procrastination behaviors (R² = 0.34). This study highlights the significant roles of intrusive thoughts and self-compassion in academic procrastination. Intrusive thoughts increase the likelihood of procrastination, while self-compassion acts as a protective factor, reducing procrastination tendencies. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing intrusive thoughts and enhancing self-compassion may be effective in mitigating academic procrastination. Future research should explore longitudinal and intervention-based studies to further understand and address this issue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Salar Atashpour , Samieh Sadat Atashpour (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Health Optimism: The Impact of Health Information Seeking and Healthcare Satisfaction
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between health information seeking, healthcare satisfaction, and health optimism among adults. Specifically, the study aimed to determine how health information seeking and healthcare satisfaction predict health optimism. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 194 participants recruited through convenience sampling from various community health centers. Data were collected using standardized tools: the Health Optimism Scale, the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), and the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short-Form (PSQ-18). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and linear regression analysis were conducted using SPSS-27 to examine the relationships between the variables and to assess the predictive power of health information seeking and healthcare satisfaction on health optimism. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean health optimism score of 3.85 (SD = 0.75), a mean health information seeking score of 4.12 (SD = 0.68), and a mean healthcare satisfaction score of 3.96 (SD = 0.82). Pearson correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive correlation between health information seeking and health optimism (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and a stronger positive correlation between healthcare satisfaction and health optimism (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). The regression analysis showed that both health information seeking (B = 0.32, SE = 0.09, β = 0.34, t = 3.67, p < 0.001) and healthcare satisfaction (B = 0.47, SE = 0.08, β = 0.45, t = 5.88, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of health optimism, explaining 40% of the variance (R² = 0.40, p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that both health information seeking and healthcare satisfaction significantly contribute to health optimism among adults. Healthcare satisfaction has a slightly stronger influence on health optimism. These findings underscore the importance of improving health information accessibility and the quality of healthcare services to enhance health outcomes and patients' positive health outlook.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Milad Saadati (Corresponding Author); Valerie Karstensen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Workplace Resilience and Team Cohesion on Reducing Workplace Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study
This study aims to investigate the relationships between workplace stress, workplace resilience, and team cohesion. The primary objective is to determine the extent to which workplace resilience and team cohesion predict workplace stress among employees in various industries. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 299 participants recruited from diverse occupational backgrounds. Data were collected using standardized self-administered questionnaires, including the Job Stress Survey (JSS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the bivariate relationships between workplace stress and each independent variable. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictive roles of workplace resilience and team cohesion on workplace stress. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics revealed mean scores of 45.23 (SD = 8.71) for workplace stress, 74.56 (SD = 10.32) for workplace resilience, and 68.91 (SD = 9.45) for team cohesion. Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant negative correlations between workplace stress and both workplace resilience (r = -0.63, p < .001) and team cohesion (r = -0.56, p < .001). The regression model was significant (F(2, 296) = 145.36, p < .001), with an R² of 0.50. Workplace resilience (B = -0.45, p < .001) and team cohesion (B = -0.38, p < .001) were significant predictors of workplace stress, indicating that higher resilience and cohesion are associated with lower stress levels. The findings suggest that workplace resilience and team cohesion significantly contribute to reducing workplace stress. Enhancing these factors through targeted interventions can help mitigate stress and improve employee well-being. Organizations should consider implementing resilience training programs and fostering a supportive team environment to promote a healthier, more productive workforce.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erwin A. William (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Resilience, Happiness, and Ambiguity Tolerance in Mothers of Children with Autism
The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on resilience, happiness, and ambiguity tolerance in mothers of children with autism. The present research is applied in nature and employs a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population of this study consists of all mothers of children with autism in the city of Rasht who visited the Gilan Autism Support Charity in 2023. A sample of 30 participants was purposefully selected. The intervention consisted of eight 90-minute sessions of MBCT training conducted in groups, twice a week, based on the method of Kabat-Zinn (2003). To collect data, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989), and the McLain Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (2009) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicated that the MBCT intervention led to an increase in resilience and happiness scores in mothers of children with autism, but no improvement was observed in ambiguity tolerance scores. Given that resilience skills can be learned and that psychological interventions, including MBCT, can improve resilience by reducing negative emotions and fostering positive emotions, MBCT, through combining vitality and clear perception of experiences, can create positive changes in happiness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shiva Ebrahimifar (Author); Mahdieh Rahmanian (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Psychosomatic Effects of Perfectionism in Patients with Chronic Tension-Type Headaches: A Qualitative Study
This study aims to explore the psychosomatic effects of perfectionism in patients suffering from chronic tension-type headaches (CTTH). By examining the experiences and perceptions of individuals with CTTH, the research seeks to understand how perfectionistic tendencies influence headache symptoms, coping strategies, and overall quality of life. A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with 27 participants diagnosed with CTTH and exhibiting high levels of perfectionism. Participants were recruited from various healthcare settings, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using NVivo software. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and subthemes related to the psychosomatic interplay between perfectionism and CTTH. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Personal definitions and perceptions of perfectionism, highlighting high self-imposed standards and external pressures; (2) Experiences of CTTH and its impact on daily life, revealing significant physical, emotional, and social impairments; (3) Coping strategies and perceived relationships between perfectionism and headache episodes, including both adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms; and (4) Emotional and psychological responses to headache management and perfectionistic tendencies, emphasizing the complex emotional burden and the need for holistic treatment approaches. Participants reported increased headache severity during periods of stress and utilized various strategies, such as mindfulness and cognitive reframing, to manage their symptoms. The study underscores the intricate relationship between perfectionism and CTTH, highlighting the need for integrated treatment approaches that address both physical and psychological aspects. By understanding the role of perfectionism in exacerbating headache symptoms, healthcare providers can develop more effective, holistic treatment plans that improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abbie Wilson (Corresponding Author); Ali Aghaziarati, Milad Saadati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Psychosomatic Responses to Stress in Individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder
This study aims to explore the psychosomatic responses to stress in individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD). The research utilized a qualitative design, employing semi-structured interviews with 16 individuals diagnosed with AvPD. Participants were recruited from mental health clinics and support groups specializing in personality disorders. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using NVivo software. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns and themes in the data, focusing on participants' perceptions of stress, psychosomatic symptoms, and coping mechanisms. Ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent and ensuring confidentiality. The study identified three main themes: perceptions of stress, psychosomatic symptoms, and coping mechanisms. Participants described stress as overwhelming pressure and emotional burden, with key triggers being social interactions, performance expectations, criticism, and uncertainty. Psychosomatic symptoms included physical manifestations like headaches and muscle tension, emotional reactions such as anxiety and depression, cognitive impairments, behavioral symptoms, and heightened sensory responses. Coping mechanisms varied, with adaptive strategies including seeking support and problem-solving, and maladaptive strategies such as substance use and isolation. Barriers to effective coping included stigma and lack of resources. The findings highlight the significant impact of stress on both psychological and physical health in individuals with AvPD. The study underscores the need for comprehensive assessment and treatment strategies that address psychosomatic symptoms. Future research should focus on larger and more diverse samples, longitudinal studies, and objective measures of stress. Clinical practice should integrate cognitive-behavioral therapy and promote adaptive coping strategies to enhance the well-being of individuals with AvPD.
Copyright (c) 2024 Valerie Karstensen, Geoffrey Olsen (Author); Mathias Bastholm (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0