Journal of Psychosociological Research in Family and Culture
JPRFC publishes four issues per year, with occasional special issues coming in addition. E-ISSN: 3041-8550 Director in Charge: M.B. Jafari Editor-in-chief: Dr. Mehdi Rostami Owner: KMAN Research Institute Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB) Email: jprfc@kmanpub.com Open Access: YES JPRFC covers a wide range of topics related to family and culture, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and more. The journal provides an advantageous resource for professionals and scholars in these fields, as it offers a platform for publishing cutting-edge research and innovative ideas. The journal is committed to publishing articles that make significant contributions to the fields of family and culture, and that have practical implications for professionals working in these areas. Overall, JPRCF and Culture is an excellent addition to the academic community. With its emphasis on quality research, meticulous peer-review process, and commitment to open access, the journal is well-positioned to serve as a leading resource for professionals and scholars in the fields of family and culture. About the Publisher Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. Publisher Office: Unit 5‑10825 Yonge St, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C 3E3 https://journals.kmanpub.com Email: kmanpu@kmanpub.com Telegram: +1 (647) 656‑4401 | WhatsApp: +1 (437) 429‑3507 Germany Office: Dratelnstrasse, Wohnung A60, 21119 Hamburg, Germany (+4915207720487)
Predicting Fertility Intentions Using Cultural Norms, Economic Security, and Relationship Satisfaction via a Machine Learning Approach
Objective: The present study aimed to predict fertility intentions based on cultural norms, economic security, and relationship satisfaction using advanced machine learning techniques. Methods and Materials: This study employed a cross-sectional, predictive-correlational design conducted on 512 adults of reproductive age in South Africa selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments including the Cultural Values Scale, Economic Stability Index, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and a Fertility Intention Scale, all of which demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability in previous studies. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS-27 for descriptive and correlational analyses, followed by machine learning modeling in Python using Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting, and Artificial Neural Network algorithms. Data preprocessing included normalization, missing data imputation, and categorical encoding. Model performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation and metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the ROC curve. Findings: The results indicated significant positive relationships between cultural norms, economic security, relationship satisfaction, and fertility intentions (p < .01). Among predictors, economic security demonstrated the strongest predictive power, followed by relationship satisfaction and cultural norms. Machine learning results showed that the Artificial Neural Network achieved the highest performance (accuracy = 0.868, AUC = 0.926), followed by Gradient Boosting (accuracy = 0.856, AUC = 0.914) and Random Forest (accuracy = 0.842, AUC = 0.901), while Support Vector Machine showed comparatively lower performance (accuracy = 0.801, AUC = 0.862). Feature importance analysis confirmed the dominant role of economic security across all models. Conclusion: The superior performance of machine learning models demonstrates their effectiveness in capturing complex, nonlinear relationships among predictors, offering a powerful approach for understanding and predicting reproductive decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikola Petrović (Author); Kabelo Radebe (Corresponding Author)
Machine Learning-Based Identification of Cultural Determinants of Decision-Making: The Role of Risk Perception, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Norm Compliance
Objective: The present study aimed to identify and model the cultural determinants of decision-making using machine learning techniques, with a specific focus on the predictive roles of risk perception, uncertainty avoidance, and norm compliance. Methods and Materials: This study employed a descriptive–correlational design with a machine learning predictive framework. The sample consisted of 412 adult participants from Portugal selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic diversity. Data were collected using standardized instruments measuring risk perception, uncertainty avoidance, norm compliance, and decision-making quality. After preprocessing procedures including normalization and handling of missing values, data were analyzed using both traditional statistical methods and advanced machine learning algorithms. Supervised learning models, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting, were applied to predict decision-making outcomes. Model performance was evaluated using k-fold cross-validation and metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the ROC curve. Feature importance analysis was conducted to determine the relative contribution of predictors. Findings: The results indicated that all three cultural variables significantly predicted decision-making quality, with norm compliance emerging as the strongest predictor, followed by risk perception and uncertainty avoidance. Ensemble models demonstrated superior predictive performance, with Gradient Boosting achieving the highest accuracy and classification efficiency compared to other models. Feature importance analysis confirmed the dominant role of norm compliance in influencing decision-making outcomes. Additionally, significant positive relationships were observed among all study variables, indicating that higher levels of cultural alignment correspond to improved decision-making quality. Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical role of cultural determinants in shaping decision-making processes and demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning approaches in modeling complex behavioral patterns. Integrating cultural variables into predictive frameworks enhances both theoretical understanding and practical applications of decision-making research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stefan Leitner (Author); Tiago Figueiredo (Corresponding Author); Søren Mikkelsen (Author)
Predicting Parenting Inconsistency Using Machine Learning: Executive Dysfunction, Stress Reactivity, and Role Overload
Objective: The present study aimed to predict parenting inconsistency using machine learning models based on executive dysfunction, stress reactivity, and role overload among parents. Methods and Materials: This study employed a descriptive–correlational design with a machine learning predictive approach. The statistical population consisted of parents residing in Canada with at least one child aged 6 to 16 years, from which 412 participants were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through standardized self-report instruments, including the Parenting Consistency Scale, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS), and the Role Overload Scale. Data preprocessing involved normalization, outlier detection, and handling missing values using multiple imputation. Statistical analyses were initially conducted using SPSS-27 to compute descriptive statistics and correlations. Subsequently, machine learning models including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting, and Artificial Neural Networks were implemented using Python-based libraries. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), with a 70/30 train–test split and cross-validation procedures applied. Findings: The results indicated that executive dysfunction, stress reactivity, and role overload were all significant positive predictors of parenting inconsistency. Among these variables, executive dysfunction demonstrated the strongest predictive contribution across all models. Machine learning analyses revealed that the Gradient Boosting model achieved the highest performance (Accuracy = 0.86, R² = 0.66, AUC = 0.90), followed by Random Forest (Accuracy = 0.84, R² = 0.62). Artificial Neural Networks showed moderate predictive performance, while Support Vector Machine exhibited comparatively lower explanatory power. Feature importance analyses confirmed that executive dysfunction was the most influential predictor, followed by role overload and stress reactivity. Conclusion: Integrating executive functioning, stress regulation, and environmental demands within predictive frameworks offers a comprehensive understanding of parenting variability and provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions to promote consistent parenting practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fiona MacLeod (Author); Jacob Sinclair (Corresponding Author); Sophie Krier (Author)
Identifying Cultural Drivers of Help-Seeking Behavior Using Machine Learning: Stigma Internalization, Norm Salience, and Self-Construal
Objective: The present study aimed to identify and model the cultural determinants of help-seeking behavior using machine learning techniques, focusing on stigma internalization, norm salience, and self-construal. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional predictive study was conducted among 512 adults residing in Canada, selected through a stratified sampling approach to ensure demographic diversity. Data were collected using standardized instruments, including the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ), the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), a validated Social Norms Salience Scale, and the Self-Construal Scale (SCS). Data preprocessing involved normalization, handling missing values via multiple imputation, and encoding categorical variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-27 for descriptive and correlational assessments. Machine learning models, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting, were implemented in Python using Scikit-learn and XGBoost. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics, with k-fold cross-validation ensuring robustness. Feature importance was examined using SHAP (SHapley Additive Explanations) to determine the relative contribution of predictors. Findings: The results indicated that stigma internalization was the strongest negative predictor of help-seeking behavior, while norm salience and self-construal showed significant positive predictive effects. Gradient Boosting demonstrated the highest performance (AUC = 0.92), outperforming other models. Correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between stigma internalization and help-seeking (p < .01), and positive associations for norm salience and self-construal (p < .01). SHAP analysis confirmed the hierarchical importance of predictors, with stigma internalization exerting the greatest influence, followed by norm salience and self-construal, and revealed nonlinear interaction effects among variables. Conclusion: The findings highlight the central role of culturally embedded psychological factors in shaping help-seeking behavior and demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning approaches.
Machine Learning Identification of Cultural Value Systems Using Collectivism, Power Distance, and Uncertainty Avoidance
Objective: The present study aimed to identify and model latent cultural value system profiles using machine learning techniques based on collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. Methods and Materials: This study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive–analytical design with a predictive modeling approach. The sample consisted of 512 adult participants from Canada selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic and cultural diversity. Data were collected using standardized instruments measuring collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance, all of which demonstrated established validity and reliability in prior research. After data preprocessing, including normalization and handling of missing values, both supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques were applied. Classification models included support vector machines, random forest, gradient boosting, and logistic regression, while k-means clustering was used to identify latent cultural profiles. Model evaluation was conducted using stratified k-fold cross-validation, with performance metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC. Feature importance and interpretability were assessed using SHAP analysis. Findings: The results indicated significant positive associations among collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance (p < 0.01). Among classification models, gradient boosting demonstrated the highest predictive performance (AUC-ROC = 0.927), followed by random forest (AUC-ROC = 0.912), indicating strong model discrimination. Logistic regression showed comparatively lower performance, suggesting the presence of nonlinear relationships among variables. Clustering analysis identified three distinct cultural profiles characterized by low, moderate, and high levels of the examined dimensions. Feature importance analysis revealed that power distance was the strongest predictor of cultural profile classification, followed by uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of power distance and uncertainty avoidance in shaping cultural profiles and supports the utility of advanced computational methods in cultural research.
Modeling Cultural Influences on Risk-Taking Using Machine Learning: Sensation Seeking, Norm Deviance, and Peer Influence
Objective: The present study aimed to model and predict risk-taking behavior by examining the interactive effects of sensation seeking, norm deviance, and peer influence within a cultural framework using machine learning techniques. Methods and Materials: This study employed a cross-sectional, predictive-correlational design with a sample of 462 young adults from Greece selected through stratified sampling. Data were collected using standardized self-report instruments assessing risk-taking behavior, sensation seeking, norm deviance, and peer influence. After data preprocessing, including normalization and missing data imputation, both statistical and machine learning analyses were conducted. Pearson correlations were used to examine associations among variables, followed by the implementation of multiple supervised machine learning models, including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting, and Artificial Neural Networks. The dataset was divided into training and testing subsets using an 80/20 split, and 10-fold cross-validation was applied to enhance model generalizability. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics, while SHAP analysis was used to determine feature importance and interpret model predictions. Findings: Inferential analyses indicated significant positive relationships between risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), peer influence (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), and norm deviance (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). Machine learning results revealed that the Gradient Boosting model demonstrated the highest predictive performance (accuracy = 0.88, AUC-ROC = 0.93), followed by Random Forest and Neural Network models. Feature importance analysis using SHAP values showed that sensation seeking was the strongest predictor (mean SHAP = 0.37), followed by peer influence (0.31) and norm deviance (0.28), indicating that both individual and social factors significantly contribute to the prediction of risk-taking behavior. Conclusion: The superior performance of ensemble machine learning models highlights the importance of capturing nonlinear and complex relationships among predictors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eleni Christou (Author); Eleni Kouris (Corresponding Author); Daniel Farrugia (Author)
Machine Learning-Based Modeling of Family Decision Processes Using Shared Mental Models, Power Dynamics, and Negotiation Styles
Objective: The present study aimed to model and predict family decision-making effectiveness using machine learning techniques by examining the roles of shared mental models, power dynamics, and negotiation styles. Methods and Materials: This descriptive–correlational study with a predictive modeling approach was conducted on 412 married adults in Thailand selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments assessing shared mental models, family power dynamics, and negotiation styles, all of which demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using a hybrid approach combining statistical analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27) and machine learning modeling in Python with scikit-learn and TensorFlow. Predictive models including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting, and Multilayer Perceptron were trained and evaluated using cross-validation, with performance assessed through accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics. Findings: The results indicated that shared mental models had a significant positive effect on family decision-making effectiveness, while power dynamics showed a significant negative effect. Integrative negotiation style significantly and positively predicted decision-making effectiveness, whereas dominating style had a significant negative association. Machine learning analysis revealed that the Gradient Boosting model achieved the highest predictive performance (accuracy = 0.89, AUC = 0.92), outperforming other models. Feature importance analysis demonstrated that shared mental models were the strongest predictor, followed by integrative negotiation style and power dynamics, confirming the relative contribution of cognitive, behavioral, and structural variables in predicting decision outcomes. Conclusion: The findings highlight the central role of cognitive alignment and collaborative negotiation in enhancing family decision-making effectiveness, while unequal power structures undermine optimal outcomes. The integration of machine learning approaches provides a robust and nuanced framework for modeling complex family processes, offering both theoretical advancement and practical implications for improving relational functioning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noam Ben-Ari (Author); Nattaporn Chaisiri (Corresponding Author)
Predicting Adolescent Risk Behavior via Family Monitoring, Sensation Seeking, and Peer Deviance with Machine Learning Analysis
Objective: The present study aimed to predict adolescent risk behavior by examining the combined effects of family monitoring, sensation seeking, and peer deviance using machine learning analytical approaches. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional predictive study was conducted among 512 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years recruited from secondary schools in Tunisia using multistage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using standardized self-report instruments, including the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Questionnaire, the Parental Monitoring Scale, the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Peer Delinquency Scale, all of which demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-27 to compute descriptive indices and Pearson correlations. Machine learning models, including random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, and multilayer perceptron neural networks, were implemented in Python. Data preprocessing included normalization and feature scaling, and model performance was evaluated using k-fold cross-validation and metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the ROC curve. Findings: The results revealed that adolescent risk behavior was significantly negatively associated with family monitoring and positively associated with sensation seeking and peer deviance. Among the predictive models, the neural network demonstrated the highest performance, achieving the greatest accuracy and discriminative power. Feature importance analyses consistently identified peer deviance as the strongest predictor of risk behavior, followed by sensation seeking, while family monitoring showed a weaker but still significant contribution. The models indicated that nonlinear interactions among predictors significantly improved prediction accuracy compared to linear approaches. Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical role of peer deviance and sensation seeking in shaping adolescent risk behavior, while confirming the protective function of family monitoring. The superior performance of machine learning models underscores their utility in capturing complex behavioral patterns and enhancing predictive precision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andre McKenzie (Author); Amira Chennoufi (Corresponding Author); Sophie Langlois (Author)
Ranking Family Role Models Shaping Adolescent Decision-Making
Objective: This study aimed to identify and rank the most influential family role models that shape adolescents’ decision-making processes through an integrated qualitative–quantitative research approach. Methods and Materials: The research employed a sequential mixed-method design. In the first phase, a qualitative literature-based analysis was conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. Using NVivo 14, eight major themes were identified, representing the primary family role models influencing adolescents’ decision-making: parental modeling, sibling influence, grandparental wisdom, extended family role models, parental communication style, family values and beliefs, family decision climate, and socioeconomic context. In the second phase, a quantitative ranking survey was administered to 200 adolescents in Italy, who evaluated the importance of each theme using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26 using descriptive statistics, Friedman’s test, and Kendall’s W to assess agreement among participants. Findings: The analysis revealed significant differences among the ranked family role model themes (p < 0.001). Parental modeling received the highest mean score (M = 4.72, SD = 0.41), followed by parental communication style (M = 4.58) and family values and beliefs (M = 4.39). Socioeconomic and environmental context ranked lowest (M = 3.48). Kendall’s W coefficient of 0.84 indicated a high level of consensus among participants regarding the hierarchy of family influences. Conclusion: The study concludes that family influence on adolescent decision-making is primarily shaped by direct behavioral and emotional modeling within supportive, communicative, and value-oriented households. Strengthening family dynamics through targeted mentoring and communication-focused interventions may enhance adolescents’ decision-making competence and moral reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gisela Soares Vaneli (Corresponding Author); Micaela Daun Crudo , Paolo Del Croce (Author)
Ranking Spiritual and Religious Practices Strengthening Family Bonds
Objective: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and rank the most significant spiritual and religious practices that strengthen family bonds, integrating qualitative content analysis and quantitative prioritization to develop a multidimensional framework of family spirituality. Methods and Materials: The study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. In the first phase, a qualitative content analysis was conducted through an extensive literature review until theoretical saturation was reached. Extracted data were coded and analyzed using NVivo 14, producing six overarching themes of family spirituality. In the second phase, these categories were incorporated into a structured questionnaire and administered to 200 adult participants from Italy. Respondents rated the perceived importance of each spiritual and religious practice on a five-point Likert scale. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, applying descriptive statistics and Friedman’s test to rank the practices by mean scores and determine relative importance. Findings: The results revealed six primary categories of family spirituality ranked as follows: shared religious rituals (M = 4.68), moral and ethical alignment (M = 4.51), emotional and relational spirituality (M = 4.32), community and social belonging (M = 4.09), meaning and purpose orientation (M = 3.88), and interfaith respect and inclusivity (M = 3.47). The Friedman test confirmed significant differences in perceived importance across categories (p < 0.001). The highest-ranked themes emphasized ritual participation and moral coherence as foundational mechanisms of family unity, while emotional, communal, and inclusive practices played complementary but secondary roles. Conclusion: Spirituality strengthens family bonds through an integrated system of shared rituals, moral alignment, emotional connection, and social belonging. Keywords: family spirituality; religious practices; family cohesion; moral alignment
Copyright (c) 2025 Tristan McKay-Tempest, Damián Cenci Pertile, Yirsa Meza Villanueva (Author)
Identifying Generational Gaps in Emotional Expression among Youth and Parents
Objective: This study aimed to explore the generational gaps in emotional expression between youth and their parents, focusing on differences in communication styles, regulation strategies, and cultural influences within Canadian families. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using an interpretive phenomenological approach to capture participants’ lived experiences of emotional communication across generations. The study involved 20 participants from Canada, including 10 adolescents aged 15–20 years and 10 parents aged 40–55 years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo 14. Theoretical saturation guided the sampling process, and themes were identified through iterative coding and constant comparison. Findings: Five major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) emotional communication styles, highlighting contrasts between direct and indirect expression; (2) cultural and social influences, emphasizing the interplay of traditional and contemporary emotional norms; (3) emotional awareness and vocabulary, revealing differences in emotional literacy between generations; (4) family dynamics and relationship quality, identifying emotional distance and mismatched support expectations; and (5) coping and adaptation across generations, showing gradual mutual adjustment through empathy and communication. Conclusion: Generational differences in emotional expression reflect broader cultural, psychological, and developmental shifts within families. While these gaps may cause miscommunication and emotional tension, they also provide opportunities for intergenerational learning and resilience through dialogue, empathy, and shared emotional growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Winfrida Lusignan, Nicole H. Garcia , David W. Harris (Author)
Identifying Cultural Pathways of Parent–Child Attachment Development
Objective: This study aimed to explore and identify the cultural pathways that shape the development of parent–child attachment among families from diverse cultural backgrounds living in Canada. Methods and Materials: The research adopted a qualitative, phenomenological design to capture parents’ lived experiences of attachment formation within multicultural contexts. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 23 participants (13 mothers and 10 fathers) representing South Asian, East Asian, Middle Eastern, European, and Indigenous cultural groups. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Each interview lasted between 60 and 90 minutes and focused on parental beliefs, emotional expression, cultural transmission, and adaptation to Canadian norms. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework. Findings: Analysis revealed three main themes—Cultural Interpretations of Emotional Bonding, Migration and Cultural Adaptation in Parenting, and Pathways of Attachment Formation. These themes encompassed 17 subthemes that described how cultural values, intergenerational beliefs, and migration experiences influence emotional expression and attachment behaviors. The findings showed that while traditional collectivist cultures emphasized caregiving through protection, respect, and shared rituals, integration into Canadian society encouraged more open emotional communication and autonomy-promoting parenting. Conclusion: The study concludes that parent–child attachment development among Canadian families is a culturally dynamic process influenced by enculturation, migration, and social adaptation. Recognizing multiple cultural pathways of attachment can enhance culturally sensitive family interventions, parenting education, and cross-cultural counseling practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Curry Bordelon (Author); Leila Saeidtaleshi (Corresponding Author)
Family Conflict and Adolescent Self-Injury: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia
Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between family conflict and adolescent self-injury, with a focus on the mediating role of alexithymia. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational design was employed using a sample of 396 South African secondary school students selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Standardized instruments were used to assess family conflict, alexithymia, and self-injurious behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for Pearson correlation and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Assumptions for normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed prior to analysis. The structural model tested both direct and indirect effects to evaluate the mediating function of alexithymia in the relationship between family conflict and self-injury. Findings: Pearson correlations showed significant positive relationships among all variables: family conflict and alexithymia (r = .42, p < .01), family conflict and self-injury (r = .34, p < .01), and alexithymia and self-injury (r = .49, p < .01). The structural model demonstrated excellent fit indices (χ²/df = 2.43, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.059). Path analysis revealed significant direct effects of family conflict on alexithymia (B = 0.43, β = .42, p < .001), alexithymia on self-injury (B = 0.38, β = .46, p < .001), and family conflict on self-injury (B = 0.19, β = .24, p = .004). The indirect effect of family conflict on self-injury through alexithymia was also significant (B = 0.16, β = .19, p < .001), confirming partial mediation. Conclusion: Findings underscore alexithymia as a critical emotional mechanism linking family conflict to self-injurious behavior in adolescents. Interventions targeting emotional awareness and family communication may help mitigate the risks associated with adolescent self-harm, especially in culturally diverse contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Orientation and Marital Quality: The Mediating Role of Gender Role Attitudes
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cultural orientation and marital quality among Canadian married individuals, with a specific focus on the mediating role of gender role attitudes. Methods and Materials: The study employed a descriptive correlational design involving 385 married participants residing in Canada, selected using stratified random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan's sample size guidelines. Standardized instruments were used to assess marital quality (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), cultural orientation (Cultural Orientation Scale), and gender role attitudes (Gender Role Beliefs Scale). Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive and correlational statistics, and AMOS-21 was used to perform structural equation modeling (SEM). Model fit was evaluated using χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA indices. Mediation analysis included both direct and indirect path coefficients. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis showed that marital quality was significantly related to both cultural orientation (r = .42, p < .001) and gender role attitudes (r = .48, p < .001), with a significant correlation between cultural orientation and gender role attitudes as well (r = .45, p < .001). The SEM results indicated that the model had good fit (χ²/df = 2.11, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.053). Cultural orientation significantly predicted marital quality directly (β = 0.28, p < .001) and indirectly through gender role attitudes (β = 0.22, p < .001), confirming a partial mediating effect. Gender role attitudes also had a strong direct effect on marital quality (β = 0.49, p < .001). Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of cultural orientation and internalized gender role attitudes in shaping marital quality. Gender role attitudes serve as a psychological pathway through which cultural values influence relational satisfaction, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive approaches in marital counseling and intervention.
Family Expressiveness and Adolescent Empathy: The Mediating Role of Emotional Awareness
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional awareness in the relationship between family expressiveness and adolescent empathy. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational research design was used, involving 400 Mexican adolescents selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Data were collected using three standardized self-report instruments: the Family Expressiveness Questionnaire (FEQ), the Emotional Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) for empathy. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 to explore bivariate associations, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS-21 to assess direct, indirect, and total effects among the variables and test the hypothesized mediation model. Findings: The results showed significant positive correlations between family expressiveness and emotional awareness (r = .46, p < .001), family expressiveness and adolescent empathy (r = .38, p < .001), and emotional awareness and adolescent empathy (r = .53, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df = 1.66, RMSEA = 0.041, CFI = 0.99). Direct effects from family expressiveness to emotional awareness (B = 0.51, β = 0.46, p < .001), from family expressiveness to empathy (B = 0.24, β = 0.28, p < .001), and from emotional awareness to empathy (B = 0.44, β = 0.39, p < .001) were statistically significant. The indirect effect of family expressiveness on empathy via emotional awareness was also significant (B = 0.22, β = 0.18, p < .001), supporting partial mediation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that emotionally expressive family environments foster adolescents' empathy partly by enhancing their emotional awareness. Emotional awareness serves as a key developmental mechanism through which family dynamics shape prosocial emotional outcomes in adolescence.
Parental Overprotection and Young Adults’ Autonomy: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between perceived parental overprotection and autonomy in Malaysian young adults. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational research design was employed involving a sample of 423 university students in Malaysia, selected based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling table. Participants completed standardized measures including the Parental Bonding Instrument (Overprotection subscale), General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Autonomous Functioning Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations, and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Assumptions such as normality, multicollinearity, and linearity were checked and confirmed before inferential analysis. Findings: The results indicated a significant negative correlation between parental overprotection and autonomy (r = –.47, p < .001), and between parental overprotection and self-efficacy (r = –.41, p < .001). Self-efficacy was positively correlated with autonomy (r = .53, p < .001). SEM results showed that parental overprotection significantly predicted lower self-efficacy (β = –0.41, p < .001) and autonomy both directly (β = –0.28, p < .001) and indirectly via self-efficacy (β = –0.22, p < .001). The total effect of parental overprotection on autonomy was substantial (β = –0.50, p < .001). Model fit indices supported the adequacy of the hypothesized model (χ²/df = 1.74; CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.041). Conclusion: These findings suggest that parental overprotection has a significant negative impact on young adults’ autonomy, both directly and through its detrimental effect on self-efficacy. Promoting self-efficacy may help mitigate the negative developmental consequences of overprotective parenting, especially in collectivist cultures where parental control is often normative.
Identifying Family Support Mechanisms in Postpartum Psychological Adjustment
Objective: This study aimed to explore the mechanisms through which family support contributes to the psychological adjustment of postpartum women. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 23 postpartum women residing in Bangladesh. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and represented a range of ages, educational backgrounds, and parity statuses. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework. NVivo 14 software facilitated systematic coding and theme development. Ethical approval was obtained, and all participants gave informed consent. Findings: Three main themes emerged: (1) Emotional Support from Family (including subthemes such as active emotional presence, verbal encouragement, and emotional understanding from the spouse), (2) Practical and Instrumental Support (including help with infant care, household tasks, and medical visits), and (3) Relational and Social Buffering (including protection from criticism, mediation of social relations, and promotion of couple intimacy). Across all themes, the perceived quality and timing of support were central to their psychological impact. Participants who experienced emotionally attuned, respectful, and reliable support reported greater psychological stability, reduced distress, and enhanced postpartum coping. Conclusion: The findings underscore that family support in the postpartum period is not solely about the presence of assistance but is critically shaped by its relational quality, emotional sensitivity, and alignment with maternal needs. Emotional reassurance, practical help, and protection from social stressors—when delivered with empathy and respect—can significantly buffer against psychological distress and promote adjustment. These insights suggest a need for culturally sensitive, family-inclusive mental health interventions tailored to postpartum women.
Exploring Communication Breakdowns in Marriages Affected by Emotional Neglect
Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of communication breakdowns in marital relationships affected by emotional neglect. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 21 adult participants (12 women and 9 men) residing in Iranian. Participants were purposively selected based on self-reported experiences of emotional neglect in current or past marriages of at least five years. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework to identify recurring patterns related to emotional neglect and communication dynamics. Findings: Four major themes emerged from the data: emotional unavailability, ineffective communication patterns, psychosocial impact of neglect, and barriers to reconnection. Participants consistently reported emotional detachment, disengaged listening, and suppression of emotional expression as core aspects of emotional neglect. Communication breakdowns included verbal withdrawal, misinterpretation of intent, and conflict escalation. Emotional neglect was linked to psychological consequences such as self-blame, isolation, diminished self-esteem, and hopelessness about the relationship. Fear of vulnerability, lack of emotional skills, and cultural norms emerged as key barriers to emotional repair. The results highlight emotional neglect as a relational process that undermines emotional safety and communicative trust. Conclusion: Emotional neglect in marriage is a pervasive and underrecognized dynamic that contributes significantly to communication breakdowns and psychological distress. This study underscores the importance of identifying emotional neglect in therapeutic settings and developing interventions that focus on emotional literacy, attunement, and trust-building.
Parents, Children, and (Adoptive?) Bonds: Theoretical Notes for Understanding Parenthood through Adoption
This article explores the complexities of adoptive parenthood through a theoretical lens, examining the social, emotional, and identity-shaping processes that distinguish it from biological parenthood. Grounded in psychological and sociological research, the study highlights the unique challenges faced by adoptive families, including bureaucratic hurdles, social judgment, and integration issues, while emphasizing the role of pre- and post-adoption support in fostering positive outcomes. The analysis reveals how adoptive parenthood is constructed through legal, cultural, and interpersonal dynamics, with particular attention to the selective preferences documented in Brazil’s National Adoption Registry (CNA), which reflect underlying racial and age-based biases. The article also addresses the historical evolution of motherhood and fatherhood, contextualizing adoptive roles within broader gender and family structures. By comparing adoptive and biological parenthood, the study underscores the significance of affective bonds, legal frameworks, and societal perceptions in shaping family identity. Key findings suggest that adoptive parenthood, while distinct, involves similar processes of identity formation and relational adjustment, challenging traditional notions of kinship. The article concludes with recommendations for tailored interventions and policies to better support adoptive families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pablo Mateus dos Santos Jacinto (Corresponding Author); Maria Virgínia Machado Dazzani (Author)
Global Islam: A Sociological Study of Muslim, Integration, and the Challenges of Multiculturalism in the 21st Century
In the 21st century, globalization, migration, and multiculturalism have shaped the experiences of Muslim minorities in Western societies. This study explores the sociological aspects of Muslim integration, focusing on the challenges and opportunities faced by Muslim communities in multicultural settings. Using qualitative research methods, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), case studies, and key-informant interviews (KII) with 15 Muslim immigrants from the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Scotland. The findings reveal key barriers to integration, including employment discrimination, restrictions on religious clothing, difficulties in securing housing, limited access to halal food, and workplace discrimination. Furthermore, Islamophobia and negative media portrayals exacerbate societal tensions, leading to identity crises among young Muslims. Despite these challenges, Muslim communities employ various coping mechanisms, such as interfaith dialogues, advocacy initiatives, and community-driven support systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasanuz Zaman (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Narrative Therapy as an Intervention for Post-Divorce Adjustment and Grief: Examining Psychological Outcomes
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of narrative therapy in improving post-divorce adjustment and reducing grief symptoms among individuals experiencing marital dissolution. Methods and Materials: A quasi-experimental design was used with a treatment group (n = 36) receiving ten structured narrative therapy sessions and a control group (n = 36) receiving no intervention. Participants were assessed at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Standardized measures, including the Post-Divorce Adjustment Scale (PDAS) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ), were administered to evaluate changes over time. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests to determine within-group and between-group differences in post-divorce adjustment and grief levels. Findings: Results showed a significant improvement in post-divorce adjustment in the treatment group compared to the control group (F = 57.90, p = 0.0001). Grief levels significantly decreased in the treatment group over time (F = 71.92, p = 0.00001), with Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons indicating that post-divorce adjustment increased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.001) and was maintained at follow-up (p = 0.0003), while grief decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001) and continued to decline at follow-up (p = 0.00001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that narrative therapy is an effective intervention for enhancing post-divorce adjustment and reducing grief. By enabling individuals to reconstruct their divorce narratives, the therapy promotes emotional healing, resilience, and future-oriented self-perceptions. Narrative therapy should be considered a valuable therapeutic approach for individuals struggling with the emotional consequences of divorce.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karina Batthyany , Sabine Kraus, Erwin A William (Author); Yaliu Yang (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Jealousy and Family Coping Strategies in Predicting Sexual Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships
Objective: This study examines the predictive role of jealousy in romantic relationships and family coping strategies in determining sexual satisfaction among individuals in committed relationships. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was used, with 376 participants selected based on Morgan and Krejcie’s sample size table. Standardized self-report measures, including the Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS), Romantic Jealousy Scale (RJS), and Family Crisis-Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES), were administered. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient to assess relationships between variables and linear regression analysis to determine predictive effects. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were checked and met, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-27. Findings: Correlation analysis revealed that jealousy in romantic relationships was negatively associated with sexual satisfaction (r = -0.54, p < 0.01), while family coping strategies were positively associated with sexual satisfaction (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). The regression model demonstrated that jealousy negatively predicted sexual satisfaction (B = -0.46, β = -0.51, t = -6.57, p < 0.01), while family coping strategies positively predicted sexual satisfaction (B = 0.38, β = 0.45, t = 6.33, p < 0.01). The model explained 40% of the variance in sexual satisfaction (R² = 0.40, F = 69.91, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest that higher jealousy in romantic relationships is associated with lower sexual satisfaction, whereas stronger family coping strategies enhance sexual satisfaction. These results highlight the importance of reducing jealousy and promoting adaptive coping mechanisms in fostering healthy and satisfying romantic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nayelli Muñoz (Corresponding Author); Bridget Abalorio , Klein Verena , Courtney Hébert (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reducing Parental Psychological Control: The Influence of Marital Support and Psychological Capital
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital in parental psychological control, exploring how these factors contribute to variations in parenting behaviors. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was employed, with a sample of 320 married individuals with children selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Participants completed standardized measures assessing parental psychological control, emotional support in marriage, and psychological capital. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between variables and multiple linear regression to determine the predictive power of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital on parental psychological control. SPSS version 27 was used for statistical analysis, with significance set at p < 0.01. Findings: Results indicated significant negative correlations between parental psychological control and both emotional support in marriage (r = -0.52, p < 0.01) and psychological capital (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that emotional support in marriage (B = -0.41, p < 0.01) and psychological capital (B = -0.36, p < 0.01) significantly predicted lower parental psychological control, accounting for 34% of the variance (R² = 0.34). These findings suggest that parents with higher marital support and stronger psychological resources engage in less psychologically controlling parenting behaviors. Conclusion: This study highlights the crucial role of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital in reducing parental psychological control. Strengthening spousal support and enhancing psychological capital may serve as effective strategies for promoting healthier parenting practices and reducing manipulative parental behaviors. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and intervention strategies aimed at fostering supportive marital relationships and psychological resilience among parents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badhon Ahmmed (Corresponding Author); Aman Ullah Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Strategies Used by Grandparents in Child-Rearing Across Different Cultural Contexts
Objective: This study aims to explore the strategies used by grandparents in child-rearing across different cultural contexts. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 37 grandparents recruited through online platforms. The study employed a purposive sampling method to ensure diversity in cultural backgrounds. The interviews were conducted online, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo software, following an inductive coding process to identify emerging themes. Theoretical saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged. Findings: The results indicated that grandparents play a crucial role in their grandchildren’s upbringing through four main strategies: emotional and psychological support, transmission of cultural values, disciplinary strategies, and intergenerational learning and adaptation. Grandparents provided emotional security by offering reassurance and fostering resilience, contributing to their grandchildren’s psychological well-being. They actively engaged in cultural transmission through storytelling, language preservation, and reinforcing moral values, ensuring continuity of traditions. Disciplinary strategies varied, with some grandparents employing non-punitive methods such as positive reinforcement and mediation, while others adhered to stricter rule-setting. Grandparents also demonstrated adaptability by incorporating modern parenting techniques and learning from their grandchildren, particularly in digital literacy and evolving social norms. Conclusion: The study highlights the evolving role of grandparents in child-rearing, demonstrating a balance between traditional caregiving practices and contemporary parenting adaptations. Their involvement remains essential in fostering emotional security, cultural continuity, and behavioral development in children. Given the generational shifts in parenting ideologies, intergenerational dialogue and mutual learning are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of grandparental caregiving. Future research should further examine the long-term impact of grandparental caregiving on child development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valerie Karstensen (Corresponding Author); Geoffrey Olsen, Mathias Bastholm (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Causes of Communication Breakdown in Intercultural Marriages
Objective: This study aims to explore the causes of communication breakdown in intercultural marriages. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 28 participants recruited from online platforms. The study followed a phenomenological approach, and theoretical saturation determined the sample size. Data were analyzed using NVivo software through open coding, axial coding, and thematic analysis to identify key communication challenges in intercultural marriages. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking and reflexive journaling to minimize researcher bias. Findings: The results revealed three main themes contributing to communication breakdown: language and expression barriers, cultural and value-based differences, and emotional and psychological challenges. Participants reported struggles with linguistic misunderstandings, differences in emotional expression, and humor misalignment. Cultural expectations, such as gender roles, family involvement, and conflict resolution styles, further complicated communication. Psychological factors, including cultural identity struggles, trust issues, and adaptability, also played a crucial role. The ability to develop intercultural sensitivity and communication competence was identified as a key factor in mitigating misunderstandings and fostering relationship harmony. Conclusion: Communication breakdown in intercultural marriages is influenced by a complex interplay of linguistic, cultural, and psychological factors. While language proficiency and cultural adaptation can improve communication, deeper challenges related to identity negotiation and emotional expression require ongoing effort and mutual understanding. Future research should explore additional sociocultural influences, and practical interventions, such as intercultural communication training, could help couples navigate these challenges more effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Selva Turan (Corresponding Author); Ahmet Kutsal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Social Connectedness as a Function of Emotional Regulation and Cultural Tolerance: A Psychological Perspective
Objective: This study aimed to examine the predictive role of emotional regulation and cultural tolerance in social connectedness, determining the extent to which these psychological factors contribute to interpersonal relationships. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was employed, with 400 participants selected using Morgan and Krejcie’s (1970) sample size table. Participants completed the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Cultural Tolerance Scale (CTS). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between variables, while a multiple regression analysis determined the predictive value of emotional regulation and cultural tolerance for social connectedness. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-27, with a significance level set at p < 0.01. Findings: Descriptive statistics revealed a mean social connectedness score of 42.65 (SD = 6.87), an emotional regulation mean of 51.24 (SD = 8.14), and a cultural tolerance mean of 37.89 (SD = 7.92). Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships between emotional regulation and social connectedness (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and between cultural tolerance and social connectedness (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). The regression model was statistically significant (F(2,397) = 99.32, p < 0.01), explaining 38% of the variance (R² = 0.38, Adjusted R² = 0.37). Both emotional regulation (B = 0.45, β = 0.41, p < 0.01) and cultural tolerance (B = 0.38, β = 0.33, p < 0.01) significantly predicted social connectedness. Conclusion: The findings confirm that emotional regulation and cultural tolerance are significant predictors of social connectedness. Individuals with higher emotional regulation skills and greater openness to cultural diversity tend to experience stronger social bonds. These results highlight the importance of fostering emotional and cultural adaptability to promote social integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehdi Rostami (Corresponding Author); Sefa Bulut, Baidi Bukhori, Nadereh Saadati, Jiantang Yang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How Psychological Flexibility and Trust Shape Parenting Efficacy: A Quantitative Analysis
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive relationship between psychological flexibility, trust in relationships, and parenting efficacy. Methods and Materials: This study employed a correlational descriptive design with a sample of 350 parents, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Standardized measures, including the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Trust Scale, were administered to assess parenting efficacy, psychological flexibility, and trust in relationships, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27, including Pearson correlation to assess bivariate relationships and multiple linear regression to examine the combined predictive effect of psychological flexibility and trust on parenting efficacy. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed before conducting regression analyses. Findings: The results demonstrated that psychological flexibility was significantly correlated with parenting efficacy (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), as was trust in relationships (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that psychological flexibility (B = 0.65, p < 0.01) and trust in relationships (B = 0.48, p < 0.01) were both significant predictors of parenting efficacy, accounting for 37% of its variance (R² = 0.37, p < 0.01). Psychological flexibility exhibited a slightly stronger predictive effect than trust in relationships. These findings highlight the importance of both individual cognitive adaptability and interpersonal trust in shaping parents’ confidence in their parenting abilities. Conclusion: This study provides empirical support for the significant role of psychological flexibility and trust in relationships in predicting parenting efficacy. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing parents’ emotional adaptability and strengthening relational trust may contribute to improved parenting confidence. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and cultural variations in these relationships to develop targeted parenting interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela Gottschlich (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying Coping Strategies for Managing Intergenerational Tensions in Multigenerational Households
Objective: This study aims to explore the coping strategies employed by individuals in multigenerational households to manage intergenerational tensions. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach to examine the lived experiences of individuals residing in multigenerational households. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 participants recruited via online platforms, ensuring diverse perspectives on intergenerational conflict resolution. The study employed a purposive sampling strategy, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. NVivo software was used to facilitate thematic analysis, allowing for systematic identification of key coping mechanisms. The analysis involved open coding, axial coding, and thematic categorization to identify patterns and relationships within the data. Findings: The thematic analysis revealed four major coping strategies: (1) communication strategies, including active listening, conflict mediation, humor, and digital communication adaptation; (2) emotional regulation techniques, such as emotional distancing, cognitive reframing, mindfulness, seeking social support, and expressing gratitude; (3) household management strategies, including role negotiation, financial contributions, time management, privacy arrangements, and household meetings; and (4) interpersonal adaptation, which encompassed respecting autonomy, negotiating values, engaging in intergenerational bonding activities, and encouraging mutual learning. The findings indicate that multigenerational households actively develop adaptive mechanisms to mitigate conflicts and enhance familial cohesion. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of structured communication, emotional regulation, and adaptive household management in fostering harmony in multigenerational households. The study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting practical coping strategies that facilitate positive intergenerational relationships and reduce conflict. These insights can inform interventions aimed at improving household dynamics through counseling, policy initiatives, and targeted support programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoko Wong (Corresponding Author); Jing Sun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Contextual Factors Affecting Gender Roles in Traditional and Modern Families
Objective: This study examines the contextual factors that influence gender roles in traditional and modern families. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed, using semi-structured interviews with 24 participants recruited through online platforms. The study utilized a theoretical saturation approach to determine the sample size, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of gender role dynamics. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, applying thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes related to traditional and modern gender roles as well as the contextual factors influencing their evolution. Findings: The analysis revealed three major themes: traditional gender roles, modern gender roles, and contextual factors shaping gender expectations. Traditional gender roles remained dominant in many families, with men expected to be primary financial providers and women responsible for caregiving and household duties. However, modern families exhibited greater flexibility, with shared financial responsibilities, equal household contributions, and evolving parental attitudes towards gender roles. Contextual factors such as media representations, legal frameworks, socioeconomic status, education, and digital influence played a critical role in shaping gender norms. While traditional values persisted in some households, external influences were found to drive significant shifts towards gender equality in modern family structures. Conclusion: The findings suggest that while traditional gender roles continue to shape family structures, increasing economic participation, educational attainment, and digital exposure are redefining gender expectations. The interplay between cultural traditions and evolving social norms highlights the complexity of gender role negotiation in contemporary families. Understanding these dynamics can contribute to the development of policies and practices that support gender equity in both traditional and modern households.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yang Zhang (Author); Yinghao Pan (Corresponding Author); Jiaowei Gong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Cultural Factors Influencing Parent-Child Communication in Intergenerational Families
Objective: This study aims to explore the cultural factors influencing parent-child communication in intergenerational families. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study employed a phenomenological research design, using semi-structured interviews with 29 participants recruited through online platforms. Theoretical saturation was reached to ensure data adequacy. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, following an inductive thematic analysis approach. The analysis identified key themes related to cultural expectations, intergenerational differences in expression, and cultural adaptation. Findings: The results revealed that hierarchical communication patterns, role expectations, and linguistic differences significantly influenced parent-child interactions in intergenerational families. Many participants described communication structures rooted in cultural norms that emphasized obedience, emotional restraint, and parental authority. Generational differences emerged in emotional expressiveness and conflict resolution, with younger family members favoring open discussions, while older generations maintained indirect or reserved communication styles. The role of technology was also significant, as digital communication was perceived as convenient by younger generations but as impersonal by older family members. Furthermore, families navigated cultural adaptation by balancing traditional values with modern perspectives, with some experiencing tension in integrating both approaches. Conclusion: Cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping intergenerational family communication, influencing language use, emotional expression, and conflict resolution. While cultural traditions reinforce family cohesion, they may also limit open dialogue between parents and children. Generational shifts in communication styles and the increasing use of digital communication necessitate adaptive strategies for maintaining effective intergenerational relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wang Lai (Corresponding Author); Jingjing Ying (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0