E-ISSN: 3041-9026 Director-in-Charge: Dr. Nadereh Saadati Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Amelia Rizzo Associate editor: Dr. Sefa Bulut Owner: KMAN Research Institute Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB) Contact email: psychnexus@kmanpub.com / kmanpsychnexus@gmail.com Open access: YES KMAN Counseling and Psychology Nexus stands as a pioneering megajournal in the field of psychology, offering an innovative approach to scholarly publishing. It uniquely combines both open peer-review and double-blind anonymous peer-review processes, ensuring the highest standards of academic rigor and transparency. KMAN Counseling and Psychology Nexus invites researchers and practitioners to contribute to these dynamic fields. Each section is open for new submissions, welcoming innovative and impactful research that advances the understanding of various psychological disciplines. Authors are encouraged to share their insights and discoveries, contributing to the rich tapestry of knowledge in the realm of psychological science. Sections and Focus Areas: Health Psychology: This section is dedicated to manuscripts exploring the interplay between psychological factors and physical health. It emphasizes research aimed at understanding how psychological variables impact physical well-being and developing interventions to enhance health and wellness. Clinical Psychology: Focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional disorders, this section encourages manuscripts that delve into the causes and mechanisms of mental illnesses and propose effective intervention strategies. Rehabilitation Counseling: Manuscripts in this section concentrate on enhancing the quality of life for individuals with disabilities. The focus is on overcoming barriers in various life aspects, including employment and education, and promoting independence and self-sufficiency. Educational Psychology and Counseling: This section invites research that aids students in achieving academic and personal success. Key areas include strategies for improving study skills, time management, and the development of social and emotional skills crucial for school success and beyond. Family and Couple Therapy: This section is divided into two sub-areas: Family Therapy: Research here aims to enhance family communication, resolve conflicts, and understand the dynamics of healthy family functioning. Couple Therapy: Manuscripts should focus on improving communication and resolving conflicts in romantic relationships, exploring the elements that contribute to healthy relationship dynamics. Occupational and Organizational Counseling: This section looks for manuscripts that address the well-being and productivity of employees, focusing on creating positive work environments, employee wellness, and the impact of work-related stress. Developmental Psychology: Dedicated to understanding the lifelong changes in individuals, this section seeks manuscripts that explore psychological, cognitive, and social development from infancy to adulthood, including influences like language acquisition, emotional and social development, and the role of cultural and societal factors. Individuals with Special Needs: This section focuses on the development of communication skills, emotional regulation, social interaction, and adaptive learning strategies. Additionally, these studies explore the impact of environmental factors, such as family dynamics and educational settings, on the psychological well-being of individuals with special needs. The goal is to develop tailored interventions that enhance the quality of life, foster independence, and support the integration of individuals with special needs into society. KMANCPN publishes two issues per year, with occasional special issues coming in addition. About the Publisher Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. Publisher Office: Unit 5‑10825 Yonge St, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C 3E3 https://journals.kmanpub.com Email: kmanpu@kmanpub.com Telegram: +1 (647) 656‑4401 | WhatsApp: +1 (437) 429‑3507 Germany Office: Dratelnstrasse, Wohnung A60, 21119 Hamburg, Germany (+4915207720487)
Presenting a Model of the Effect of Cognitive Bias on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Elderly Women with the Mediating Role of Mindfulness
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive bias on mental health and quality of life in elderly women, with the mediating role of mindfulness. This research is applied in purpose, quantitative in approach, and descriptive-survey in design. The statistical population consisted of Iranian elderly women aged over 60 years. Based on G*Power software calculations and using convenience and purposive sampling methods, 129 participants were selected. Data collection instruments included the Mindfulness Questionnaire by Brown et al. (2007), the Quality of Life Questionnaire by Ware and Sherbourne (1992), the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire by Woody et al. (1997), and the General Health Questionnaire by Goldberg (1972). For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, structural equation modeling, and the Sobel test were employed. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23 and SmartPLS version 3.1.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the research model demonstrated a good fit. Cognitive bias had a significant negative effect on mental health (t = 4.698, p = 0.001), quality of life (t = 5.681, p = 0.001), and mindfulness (t = 11.016, p = 0.001) among elderly women. Moreover, mindfulness had a significant positive effect on mental health (t = 2.930, p = 0.004) and quality of life (t = 6.681, p = 0.001). The findings also showed that mindfulness plays a significant mediating role in reducing the effect of cognitive bias on mental health (z = −6.019, p = 0.001) and quality of life (z = −8.527, p = 0.001). Therefore, mindfulness reduces the negative impact of cognitive bias on mental health and quality of life in elderly women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahideh Yousefpour (Corresponding Author)
Developing a Causal Model of Marital Relationship Quality Based on Dark Personality Traits and Communication Beliefs with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation in Women
The primary objective of the present study was to examine marital relationship quality based on dark personality traits and communication beliefs, considering the mediating role of emotion regulation in women. The research method was correlational with a structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of all women referring to counseling centers in the city of Shiraz in 2023. A sample of 250 participants was selected using cluster random sampling. The research instruments included the Marital Relationship Quality Questionnaire by Busby et al. (1995), the Dark Personality Traits Questionnaire by Johnson and Webster (2010), the Communication Beliefs Questionnaire by Epstein and Eidelson (1990), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Gross and John (2003). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and SmartPLS version 4. The results of the structural equation model indicated that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between marital relationship quality and both dark personality traits and communication beliefs. The proposed model can be applied as an educational intervention package to enhance couple relationships in counseling clinics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Navid Enfeal (Author); Nadereh Sohrabi (Corresponding Author); Maryam Zarnaghash , Sousan Sahami (Author)
Determining the Difference in the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Emotional Inhibition in Adolescents with High-Risk Behaviors
The present study aimed to determine the difference in the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy on emotional inhibition in adolescents with high-risk behaviors. This applied study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest format including a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of adolescents with high-risk behaviors referred to counseling centers affiliated with the Department of Education in Karaj in 2025. Using purposive sampling, 45 participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into three groups: cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 15), schema therapy (n = 15), and control (n = 15). The experimental groups received eight sessions of structured interventions based on standardized therapeutic protocols, while the control group remained on a waiting list. Data were collected using the Emotional Inhibition Scale (EIS). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-26 software at both descriptive and inferential levels, including repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests after verifying statistical assumptions. The results indicated that the main effect of group on emotional inhibition was not statistically significant (F = 0.62, p = 0.544), whereas the main effect of time was significant (F = 7.27, p = 0.008), indicating changes across measurement stages. Additionally, the interaction effect between time and group was significant (F = 4.59, p = 0.042), suggesting differential changes across groups over time. Bonferroni post hoc comparisons revealed that schema therapy significantly reduced emotional inhibition compared to the control group at posttest (p = 0.016), while cognitive behavioral therapy did not show a significant difference compared to the control group (p = 0.664). Within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements in the schema therapy group from pretest to posttest (p = 0.022) and follow-up (p = 0.034), whereas no significant changes were observed in the cognitive behavioral therapy and control groups (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that schema therapy is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing emotional inhibition among adolescents with high-risk behaviors, with effects that are sustained over time, highlighting the importance of targeting deep cognitive-emotional structures in therapeutic interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahimeh Ghafari Moghadam (Author); Fateme Dehghani-Arani (Corresponding Author); Elham Zarghami (Author)
The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment-Based Training on Sense of Coherence and Regret of Spouse Selection in Women
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment-based training on sense of coherence and regret of spouse selection among women. This study employed an applied, quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest format and a control group. The statistical population included all women aged 25 to 45 years who referred to counseling centers in Sari in 2025. A total of 30 participants were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) receiving Acceptance and Commitment-based training and a control group (n = 15). Data collection instruments included the Revised Sense of Coherence Scale (Flensborg, 2006) and the Regret of Spouse Selection Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2002). The intervention consisted of nine structured sessions of Acceptance and Commitment-based training, each lasting two hours. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS version 26 after confirming statistical assumptions. The results of MANCOVA indicated a significant effect of group membership on sense of coherence (F = 49.28, p < 0.001, η² = 0.40) and regret of spouse selection (F = 31.57, p < 0.001, η² = 0.53) at the posttest stage after controlling for pretest scores. These findings suggest that Acceptance and Commitment-based training significantly increased sense of coherence and significantly decreased regret of spouse selection in the experimental group compared to the control group. Acceptance and Commitment-based training is an effective psychological intervention for enhancing sense of coherence and reducing regret of spouse selection among women, indicating its potential utility in improving psychological well-being and marital-related cognitive-emotional outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakiba Khabazand (Corresponding Author)
The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Causal Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and School Attachment and Academic Achievement Among Lower Secondary School Students
The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the causal relationship between spiritual intelligence and school attachment and academic achievement among lower secondary school students. This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative, descriptive-survey in terms of method. The participants consisted of 384 lower secondary school students from the city of Tabriz, who were selected using cluster random sampling. The research instruments included the Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire by Wolman (2011), the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire by Schering (1998), the Academic Achievement Questionnaire by Pham and Taylor (1994), and the School Attachment Questionnaire by Motton et al. (1993). Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling and the Sobel test in SmartPLS version 3.1.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the research model demonstrated a good fit. Spiritual intelligence had a significant effect on school attachment (t = 5.134, p = 0.001), academic achievement (t = 5.289, p = 0.001), and emotional intelligence (t = 25.850, p = 0.001). Emotional intelligence also had a significant effect on school attachment (t = 6.697, p = 0.001) and academic achievement (t = 9.179, p = 0.001). Furthermore, emotional intelligence played a mediating role in the effect of spiritual intelligence on school attachment (z = 8.674, p = 0.001) and academic achievement (z = 9.715, p = 0.001). Therefore, students with higher levels of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence exhibit stronger attachment to school and achieve higher levels of academic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noushin Derakhshan (Corresponding Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Self-Esteem Training and Self-Control Skills Training on Academic Emotions and Academic Buoyancy among Sixth-Grade Male Elementary School Students in Falavarjan
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of self-esteem training and self-control skills training on academic emotions and academic buoyancy among sixth-grade male elementary school students in Falavarjan. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest structure, including a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of all sixth-grade male elementary school students in Falavarjan during the 2024–2025 academic year, from which 90 students were purposively selected. Ultimately, 75 participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The research instruments included the Academic Emotions Questionnaire (Pekrun, Goetz, Titz, & Perry, 2002) for the hope subscale, the Epistemic Curiosity Questionnaire (Litman et al., 2010) for the curiosity subscale, the Empathy and Sympathy Scale (Vossen et al., 2015) for the empathy subscale, and the Academic Buoyancy Questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh et al., 2014). The two experimental groups received self-esteem training and self-control skills training in 8 and 10 sessions of 90 minutes each, respectively. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. The results indicated that both self-esteem training and self-control skills training had a significant effect on academic emotions and academic buoyancy (p < .001). The effects of both interventions were maintained at the two-month follow-up stage. Furthermore, self-esteem training demonstrated greater effectiveness than self-control skills training in improving academic emotions (p < .001). However, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of self-esteem training and self-control skills training on academic buoyancy (p > .05). The findings suggest that self-esteem training should be prioritized over self-control skills training for enhancing academic emotions among sixth-grade male students. Additionally, both self-esteem training and self-control skills training can be effectively utilized to improve academic buoyancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iman Esmaili souderjani (Author); Ahmad Ghazanfari (Corresponding Author); Tayebeh Sharifi (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Positive Thinking Training and Emotional Self-Regulation Training on Self-Compassion and Psychological Well-Being in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of positive thinking training and emotional self-regulation training on self-compassion and psychological well-being in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of mothers of children with ASD in the city of Isfahan during the years 2024–2025. From this population, 60 mothers were selected through purposive sampling and were then randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The research instruments included the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) and the Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 2002). Both experimental groups received interventions consisting of eight 90-minute sessions of positive thinking training and emotional self-regulation training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests. The results indicated that positive thinking training and emotional self-regulation training had a significant effect on parenting stress and distress tolerance (p < 0.001). The effects of both interventions were maintained at the two-month follow-up stage. Furthermore, emotional self-regulation training demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to positive thinking training in improving self-compassion and psychological well-being (p < 0.001). The findings suggest that therapists should prioritize emotional self-regulation training over positive thinking training to enhance self-compassion and psychological well-being in mothers of children with ASD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahshid Zaghian (Author); Tayebeh Sharifi (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Ghasemi Pirbalouti (Author)
Comparing the Effectiveness of Art Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy on Anxiety and Assertiveness in Preschool Children
Anxiety and assertiveness issues are among the most important challenges among preschool children. This study examines the effectiveness of art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy in reducing anxiety and improving assertiveness in preschool children. The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all 5–6-year-old children referred to the Nedaye Aramesh Ravan Counseling Clinic in Tehran. Using Cochran’s formula, 45 eligible children were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n = 15 per group). The first experimental group received 10 weekly sessions of art therapy, and the second received 12 weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral play therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-23. Both art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy led to significant reductions in anxiety and increases in assertiveness compared with the control group after the intervention (P < 0.001). However, the difference in effectiveness between the two therapeutic approaches was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both art therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy were effective in reducing anxiety and enhancing assertiveness in preschool children. Although each approach relies on different therapeutic mechanisms, their outcomes were comparable, indicating similar therapeutic value. These findings suggest that either intervention can be appropriately selected based on the child’s needs and treatment context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sudabeh Emami Mehr (Author); Mojtaba Amiri Majd (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Ghamari, Saeideh Bazzazian (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on Pain Catastrophizing in Patients with Psychosomatic Disorders
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on reducing pain catastrophizing among patients diagnosed with psychosomatic disorders. This applied study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group and a three-month follow-up phase. The statistical population consisted of patients with psychosomatic disorders who referred to Niyayesh Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran during 2024–2025. Using purposive sampling, 45 eligible participants were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and a control group (15 participants in each group). The experimental groups received structured therapeutic interventions across multiple weekly sessions, while the control group remained on a waiting list without intervention. Data were collected using standardized psychological instruments measuring psychosomatic symptoms and pain catastrophizing at pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-28 through descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance, mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc tests after confirming statistical assumptions. Analysis of covariance indicated that Emotion-Focused Therapy significantly reduced pain catastrophizing compared with the control group (p < 0.01), whereas Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect. Repeated-measures analysis revealed a significant main effect of time (p < 0.01) and a significant interaction effect between time and group (p < 0.05), indicating differential changes across interventions over measurement stages. Bonferroni post hoc comparisons showed that the Emotion-Focused Therapy group achieved significantly lower adjusted posttest scores than the control group (p < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons across time demonstrated significant reductions from pretest to posttest and follow-up only in the Emotion-Focused Therapy group, confirming maintenance of treatment effects, while no significant changes were observed in the psychodynamic or control groups.
Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Parisa Khanipoor Kakesh (Author); Moloud Keykhosrovani (Corresponding Author); Seyed Asghar Mousavi (Author)
Structural Model of Marital Conflict Based on Self-Differentiation and Alexithymia with the Mediating Role of Frustration Tolerance in Divorce-Seeking Individuals
The present study aimed to examine the structural model of marital conflict based on self-differentiation and alexithymia with the mediating role of frustration tolerance in individuals seeking divorce. This study was fundamental in purpose and descriptive-correlational in design. The statistical population consisted of all divorce-seeking individuals who referred to family counseling centers affiliated with the judiciary in Karaj and Hashtgerd between February 2025 and October 2025. A sample of 250 participants (139 women and 111 men) was selected using convenience sampling and completed the research instruments voluntarily. Data were collected using the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Sanaei et al., 2008), the Self-Differentiation Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994), and the Frustration Discomfort Scale (Harrington, 2005). Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS version 27 and AMOS version 26 through Maximum Likelihood estimation. Model fit was evaluated using standard fit indices including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and RMSEA. The results indicated that the proposed structural model demonstrated acceptable fit with the data (χ²/df = 1.67, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.05). Alexithymia had a positive and significant direct effect on marital conflict (β = 0.206, p < .05), whereas self-differentiation had a negative and significant direct effect (β = -0.276, p < .01). Frustration tolerance significantly predicted marital conflict (β = 0.431, p < .001) and also mediated the relationships between alexithymia and marital conflict (β = 0.167, p < .001) and between self-differentiation and marital conflict (β = -0.156, p < .001). The model explained 55% of the variance in marital conflict (R² = 0.55). The findings suggest that alexithymia and self-differentiation play significant roles in predicting marital conflict both directly and indirectly through frustration tolerance, highlighting the importance of emotional processing and coping capacity in marital dynamics and offering implications for targeted psychological interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samira Hosseini (Author); Said Ali mohammad Mousavi (Corresponding Author); Arezoo Shomalyoskoei (Author)
Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Occupational Stress and Distress Tolerance in Emergency Department Nurses
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on occupational stress and distress tolerance among emergency department nurses. The research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all emergency department nurses working in Rasht county hospitals in 2025. Using convenience sampling, 40 nurses were selected and randomly assigned (via lottery) to the experimental group (20 participants) and the control group (20 participants). Data collection instruments included the Emotional Distress Tolerance Questionnaire by Simmons and Gaher (2005) and the Occupational Stress Questionnaire by Krishna and Srivastava (1991). The experimental group received 8 weekly sessions, twice a week (2 hours each) of Compassion-Focused Therapy by Gilbert (2009). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA) via SPSS-27. Results indicated a significant reduction in occupational stress and a significant increase in distress tolerance in the experimental group compared to the control group. Compassion-Focused Therapy was effective in reducing occupational stress and enhancing distress tolerance among emergency department nurses.
Occupational and Organizational Counseling
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Shaghaghi, Jalal Jahani (Author); Farzaneh Ghorbanpour Ahmadsargourabi (Corresponding Author); Elham Mostafavi (Author)
A Structural Model of Job Burnout and Work-Family Conflict in Teachers, with the Mediating Role of Mental Health and Psychological Capital: A Gender Comparison
The purpose of this research is to present a structural model of job burnout based on work-family conflict, mental health, and psychological capital, considering gender differences. The study population comprised sixth-grade teachers in Tehran, from which a sample of 400 individuals (223 female and 177 male) was selected using stratified sampling with equal allocation. Research instruments included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Carlson Work-Family Conflict Scale, the Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire, and the Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation matrix and structural equation modeling. All paths were significant at the p≤.01level, except for the path from work-family conflict to job burnout and the path from psychological capital to job burnout. Among these coefficients, mental health (β=0.82) had the largest effect on job burnout. Overall, 41% of the total variance in job burnout was explained by work-family conflict, mental health, and psychological capital. There was a difference between the job burnout models for women and men. Given the impact of mental health on job burnout and work-family conflict among teachers, it appears that providing counseling and specialized psychological workshops for teachers could be effective in reducing their levels of job burnout and work-family conflict.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fereshteh Niksirat (Author); Molouk Khademi Ashkzari (Corresponding Author); Zahra Naghsh (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Olson’s Circumplex Model–Based Couple Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Marital Burnout and Marital Self-Regulation in Couples with Conflict
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Olson’s Circumplex Model–based couple therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on marital burnout and marital self-regulation in couples experiencing marital conflict. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments, including two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of couples experiencing marital conflict who referred to counseling centers in Amol in 2024. A total of 48 participants (24 couples) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received ten sessions of Olson’s Circumplex Model–based couple therapy, and the second experimental group participated in eight sessions of ACT-based couple therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Marital Conflict Questionnaire, the Marital Burnout Questionnaire, and the Marital Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA, and LSD post hoc tests in SPSS-27 at a significance level of .05. The results of MANCOVA indicated that both Olson-based couple therapy and ACT significantly reduced marital burnout and increased marital self-regulation compared to the control group (p < .001). ANCOVA results showed that, after controlling for pretest scores, the group effect was significant for marital burnout (F = 26.45, p < .001, η² = .664) and marital self-regulation (F = 24.63, p < .001, η² = .241). Post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between the two experimental groups at posttest (p < .001), indicating differential magnitudes of effectiveness across outcomes. Both interventions are effective interventions for reducing marital burnout and enhancing marital self-regulation among couples experiencing conflict.
Copyright (c) 2026 Soheila Gholipour (Author); Jamshid Jarareh (Corresponding Author); Asghar Jafari (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotional Intelligence Training and Spiritual Intelligence Training on Executive Functions in Students with Learning Disorders
The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training and spiritual intelligence training on executive functions in students with learning disorders. The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest–posttest and follow-up design including a control group. The statistical population consisted of all students with learning disorders in Pishva, Varamin, who had referred to specialized learning disorder centers in Pishva, Varamin, in 2025; the research sample included 45 participants who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group, each consisting of 15 participants. The Nejati Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013) was used for data collection. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures was used to analyze the data using SPSS software. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training and spiritual intelligence training on memory and sustained attention in students with learning disorders (p < .05). Emotional intelligence training resulted in significant improvements in memory, inhibitory control, decision-making, planning, and sustained attention scores (p < .05). Spiritual intelligence training resulted in significant improvements in memory and planning scores (p < .05). However, spiritual intelligence training did not have a statistically significant effect on inhibitory control, decision-making, or sustained attention scores (p > .05). Therefore, emotional intelligence training and spiritual intelligence training can be considered effective methods for improving executive functions in students with learning disorders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fateme Ghasemi Bakhtiyari (Author); Habibollah Naderi (Corresponding Author); Reza Donyavi (Author)
Causal Modeling of Job Satisfaction Based on Self-Efficacy in Employees of the Mazandaran Province Red Crescent Society with the Mediating Role of Mindfulness
The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the fit of a job satisfaction model based on self-efficacy with the mediating role of mindfulness among employees of the Mazandaran Province Red Crescent Society. The research method was descriptive–correlational based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all employees of the Mazandaran Province Red Crescent Society in 2025, whose total number was reported as 986 (N = 986). Using a convenience sampling method, 237 individuals were selected as the statistical sample (n = 237). The instruments used in this study included the standardized Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire developed by Weiss et al. (1967), the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire developed by Sherer et al. (1982), and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire developed by Baer et al. (2006). Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results of model fit indices indicated that the structural model demonstrated an acceptable fit. Furthermore, the results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction (r = .42, p < .01), between self-efficacy and mindfulness (r = .65, p < .01), and between mindfulness and job satisfaction (r = .76, p < .01). In other words, self-efficacy was related to job satisfaction both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of mindfulness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roghieh Kiakjori (Author); Saeed Najarpour Ostadi (Corresponding Author); Reza Abdi (Author)
Effectiveness of Self-Healing Training on Death Anxiety, Hope, and Loneliness in Older Adults
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-healing training on death anxiety, hope, and feelings of loneliness in older adults. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of adults aged over 70 years residing in a nursing home in Khorramabad City in 2024. Using convenience sampling, 50 participants were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 25 (25 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group). Participants in the experimental group received self-healing training in eight sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive the intervention. Research data were collected using the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS; Templer, 1970), the Hope Questionnaire (HQ; Snyder et al., 1991), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), and were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings indicated that, after controlling for pretest effects, there were significant differences between the posttest means of death anxiety, hope, and loneliness in older adults at the 0.01 level. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that empowering older adults through self-healing training is an effective educational approach for reducing death anxiety and loneliness and for enhancing hope in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Rashidi Asl (Author); Fariba Bashardoost Tajalli (Corresponding Author); Malek Mirhashemi (Author)
The Mediating Role of Marital Infidelity Justification in the Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Marital burnout
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of marital infidelity justification in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and marital burnout. Methods: A descriptive-correlational research design with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed. The statistical population consisted of all married individuals who referred to counseling centers in Districts 3 and 11 of Tehran in 2024. A total of 373 participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using Pines’ (1996) Marital Burnout Questionnaire, Dennis and VanderWal’s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and Yenisari and Kokdemir’s (2006) Marital Infidelity Justification Scale. Data analysis was performed using SEM. Findings: The results showed that the structural model had a good fit with the collected data. Cognitive flexibility was found to have a significant negative relationship with marital burnout. Additionally, justification of marital infidelity was positively and significantly related to marital burnout. Moreover, justification of infidelity significantly and negatively mediated the relationship between cognitive flexibility and marital burnout. Conclusion: Based on the findings, practical implications can be proposed to improve couple relationships by focusing on the key psychological variables explored in this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Somayeh Rezaee (Author); Mohammadali Mohammadyfar (Corresponding Author); Mahmoud Najafi (Author)
The Effect of Dogmatic Thinking on Emotional Creativity: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in University Students
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of dogmatic thinking on emotional creativity, considering the mediating role of self-compassion, among students at the Islamic Azad University, Neka Branch. This study was applied in terms of purpose. In terms of data collection, it was field-based, and regarding data gathering and analysis, it was descriptive and correlational, using a structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population included all students of the Islamic Azad University, Neka Branch, in the 2024–2025 academic year (N = 1,935). To determine the sample size, the Krejcie and Morgan table was used, and 321 students were selected through stratified random sampling based on academic level. The data collection instruments comprised three standard questionnaires: the Dogmatic Thinking Questionnaire by Younesi and Mirafzal (2008), the Emotional Creativity Questionnaire by Averill and Thomas-Knowles (1991), and the Self-Compassion Scale by Neff (2003). Data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and charts) and inferential statistics (the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and structural equation modeling) using SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicated that dogmatic thinking affects emotional creativity and self-compassion in students. In addition, self-compassion affects emotional creativity in students. Furthermore, the findings showed that self-compassion mediates the relationship between dogmatic thinking and emotional creativity in students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Nikzad Tehrani (Author); Fatemeh Soghra Sina (Corresponding Author)
A Comparative Study of Acceptance and Commitment–Based Couple Therapy and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy on Marital Adjustment and Altruism in Couples with a Child with a Disability
The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment–Based Couple Therapy and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy on altruistic behavior and marital adjustment in couples. This study was applied in nature and employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of married couples who met the study inclusion criteria, from whom 30 couples were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received Acceptance and Commitment–Based Couple Therapy or Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy according to structured intervention protocols, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using standardized measures of altruistic behavior and marital adjustment at pretest and posttest stages. Data analysis was conducted using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare posttest outcomes while controlling for pretest scores. The inferential results of the ANCOVA indicated that both Acceptance and Commitment–Based Couple Therapy and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy led to statistically significant improvements in altruistic behavior and marital adjustment compared with the control group (p < .001). After controlling for baseline scores, group membership had a significant effect on posttest altruism and marital adjustment, with very large effect sizes. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the two experimental groups, indicating that both therapeutic approaches were similarly effective in enhancing altruism and marital adjustment. The findings suggest that both Acceptance and Commitment–Based Couple Therapy and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy are effective interventions for improving altruistic behavior and marital adjustment, and either approach can be confidently used in clinical couple therapy settings to promote relational functioning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Ghasemi (Author); Alireza Molazadeh (Corresponding Author); Rahim Hamidipour (Author)
Paradigmatic Model of Tacit Knowledge Sharing from the Perspective of Psychology Experts in Iranian Universities: A Grounded Theory Approach
In the contemporary knowledge-based era, organizations—particularly universities—have become increasingly reliant on their knowledge capital. Within this context, tacit knowledge, as a hidden yet strategic resource, plays a critical role in enhancing the quality of education, research, and innovation. Unlike explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge is formed through experience, intuition, and personal skills, and is transmitted only through social interactions and human relationships. Despite the importance of this concept, academic research in Iran has largely focused on explicit knowledge, and no comprehensive model of tacit knowledge sharing from the perspective of academic psychologists has been proposed. The aim of the present study was to design a paradigmatic model of tacit knowledge sharing in Iranian universities using a grounded theory approach. This qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with psychology experts. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, and the final model was extracted in the form of five core categories: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. The results indicated that factors such as trust, motivation, interpersonal skills, organizational culture, and managerial support play a key role in tacit knowledge sharing. The outcomes of this process include the empowerment of psychologists, improved performance, increased creativity, and enhanced quality of psychological services. The findings suggest that tacit knowledge sharing is a dynamic and multi-level process shaped through the interaction between organizational structures and psychological components. By focusing on the perspectives of psychologists and integrating a psychological approach with grounded theory, this study represents a novel step toward the localization of knowledge management theories within the context of higher education in Iran.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gholamali Roudi (Author); Fateme Momeni (Corresponding Author); Elham Mostafavi, Fateme Sagha (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and an Integrated Seven-Domain Competence-Based Approach in Reducing Suicidal Ideation Among Individuals Recovering from Substance Use Disorder
This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and an integrated seven-domain competence-based counseling approach in reducing suicidal ideation among individuals recovering from substance use disorder. The study employed a single-case experimental design with repeated measures across twelve treatment sessions and an eight-week follow-up period. Six recovered individuals with substance use disorder were purposively selected from an addiction treatment center in Tehran Province and assigned to either a cognitive-behavioral therapy group or a seven-domain competence-based intervention group. Suicidal ideation was assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Questionnaire. Interventions were delivered weekly in forty-five-minute sessions. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and change-score comparisons to evaluate treatment effects and maintenance of gains. Both treatment approaches produced significant and clinically meaningful reductions in suicidal ideation. However, the seven-domain competence-based intervention resulted in significantly greater magnitude of improvement and superior maintenance of therapeutic gains at follow-up. Participants in this group demonstrated near-complete remission of suicidal ideation with minimal post-treatment relapse, whereas the cognitive-behavioral therapy group exhibited moderate symptom fluctuation and less stable long-term outcomes. The findings indicate that although cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective intervention for reducing suicidal ideation among individuals in recovery from substance use disorder, an integrated seven-domain competence-based counseling approach may yield deeper and more durable psychological change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahdie Sadat Samet (Author); Mohammad Mohammadipour (Corresponding Author); Abolfazl Bakhshipour (Author)
The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Psychotherapy and Counseling in Married Women with Vaginismus
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotion-focused psychotherapy and counseling in reducing vaginismus symptoms among married women. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and follow-up structure including a control group. The statistical population comprised married women with vaginismus who referred to counseling centers in District 2 of Tehran during the second half of 2024 and the first half of 2025. Using purposive and convenience sampling, 30 eligible participants were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving emotion-focused psychotherapy and counseling and a control group, each consisting of 15 participants. Inclusion criteria included age between 30 and 45 years, at least two years of marital life, minimum lower secondary education, and willingness to participate in therapy sessions. Exclusion criteria involved pregnancy, severe psychiatric disorders, use of psychotropic medication, chronic physical illness, or excessive absence from sessions. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Vaginismus Questionnaire. Measurements were conducted at pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS version 26. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of time and group, as well as significant time × group interaction effects for all vaginismus components and the total score (p < .001). Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large, indicating substantial treatment impact. Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed significant reductions from pretest to posttest and from pretest to follow-up in the experimental group across all components (p < .01), while differences between posttest and follow-up were not statistically significant, suggesting stability of treatment effects over time. Emotion-focused psychotherapy and counseling were effective in significantly reducing vaginismus symptoms and maintaining therapeutic gains over time, highlighting the value of emotion-centered interventions in addressing the emotional and relational dimensions of vaginismus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leila Bayat (Author); Abdollah Shafiabady (Corresponding Author); Reza Khakpour (Author)
Effectiveness of Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on Perceived Stress and Alexithymia in Single Women
The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on perceived stress and alexithymia. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group. Questionnaire administration was conducted in person. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate female psychology students enrolled in the 2022 academic year at Islamic Azad University, Khomeini Shahr Branch. Sampling in this study was conducted using convenience sampling, and 30 undergraduate female psychology students from Islamic Azad University, Khomeini Shahr Branch, were selected. From this group of 30 participants, 15 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The data were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al., 1994). The results indicated that Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy had a statistically significant effect on perceived stress and alexithymia. In addition, Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy had a statistically significant effect on the subscales of alexithymia, including difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally oriented thinking (p < .05). Therefore, it can be concluded that Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy can be used to improve perceived stress and alexithymia.
Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Majid Azimi Fereidani (Corresponding Author); Farzaneh Niknejadi (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Compassion-Based Therapy and Relational Imagery Training on Post-Traumatic Growth in Women with Experience of Spousal Infidelity
The marital covenant is a highly prevalent human institution that is at times confronted with an issue known as infidelity or extramarital relationships. Extramarital relationships are among the factors that challenge family health and constitute one of the most significant threats to marital functioning, stability, continuity, and relational quality. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy and relational imagery training on post-traumatic growth in women who had experienced spousal infidelity. The present research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design, along with a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population consisted of all women who had been subjected to spousal infidelity and who presented through a public call and were referred by counseling centers in Shahinshahr, Isfahan, in 2022. From this population, 48 eligible volunteers were selected using a convenience sampling method and were included in the study. Ultimately, 48 participants (three groups of 16) were analyzed. The research instrument was the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and analysis of variance techniques. The results of the present study indicated that although both the compassion-based therapy group and the relational imagery training group demonstrated significant effectiveness at the posttest and follow-up stages in enhancing post-traumatic growth compared with the control group, and both interventions were effective, there was a statistically significant difference between the two intervention groups in terms of effectiveness at the posttest and follow-up stages. Compassion-based therapy was reported to be more effective in increasing post-traumatic growth among women with experience of spousal infidelity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meysam Hasoumi (Author); ‌Leila Moghtader (Corresponding Author); Bahman Akbari (Author)
A Model of School Social Well-Being for Elementary School Students: A Mixed-Methods Approach
This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive model of school social well-being for elementary school students. The study employed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis was conducted based on research synthesis and semi-structured interviews with 15 academic experts and education practitioners, selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the quantitative phase, a fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen and confirm the importance of the identified components and indicators. Subsequently, a researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to 375 elementary school principals and teachers selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, partial least squares structural equation modeling, and the Best–Worst Method for prioritization, with analyses performed in SPSS, SmartPLS, and LINGO software. Inferential results supported a five-dimensional model of school social well-being, including social relationships, school environment and atmosphere, individual factors and personal interactions, cultural and educational factors, and structural and managerial factors. All factor loadings exceeded the acceptable threshold and were statistically significant. The measurement and structural models demonstrated adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Path analysis indicated that all five dimensions had significant positive effects on school social well-being. Model fit indices and predictive relevance measures confirmed a strong overall model fit. Prioritization results showed that social relationships had the highest relative importance, followed by school environment and atmosphere, individual factors and personal interactions, cultural and educational factors, and structural and managerial factors. The findings indicate that school social well-being among elementary students is a multidimensional construct shaped by relational, environmental, individual, cultural, and organizational factors.
individual factors and personal interactions
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizollah Malmir (Author); Seyedeh Khadijeh Moafimadani (Corresponding Author); Samira Pali (Author)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Bowenian Systemic Therapy and Minuchin’s Structural Therapy on Family Cohesion and Marital Commitment in Conflictual Couples in Mashhad
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Bowenian systemic therapy and Minuchin’s structural therapy on family cohesion and marital commitment among couples experiencing marital conflict. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest design, including a control group and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all conflictual couples who referred to counseling centers (Dr. Hekmabadi, Lifestyle, Farhikhtagan, Rah-e Sabz, and Rasa) in the city of Mashhad during the summer of 2024 (July to September 2024). Using convenience sampling, 90 couples were selected as the sample and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (30 participants in each group). Data were collected using the Family Organizational Cohesion Questionnaire developed by Fisher et al. (1992) and the Marital Commitment Questionnaire by Adams and Jones (1997). One week after administering the pretest to all three groups, the first experimental group received Bowenian systemic therapy, the second experimental group received Minuchin’s structural therapy, and the control group received no intervention. Subsequently, the posttest was administered to all groups. To examine between-group differences, a multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted, considering the within-subject factor (time: test) and the between-subject factor (group membership). The results indicated that both Bowenian systemic therapy and Minuchin’s structural therapy were effective in improving family cohesion and marital commitment in conflictual couples. Another finding showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the effectiveness of Bowenian systemic therapy and Minuchin’s structural therapy on family cohesion only in the dimension of participation and cooperation; however, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two therapies with respect to marital commitment. Based on the study findings, Bowenian systemic therapy and Minuchin’s structural therapy were both effective in enhancing family cohesion and marital commitment among couples experiencing marital conflict.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamid Seraj Kermani (Author); Mehdi Ghasemi Motlagh (Corresponding Author); Baratali Ghavami (Author)
Comparing the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy and Psychodrama on Distress Tolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity in Bereaved Survivors of Deceased COVID-19 Patients
The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral group therapy and psychodrama on distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity among bereaved survivors of patients who died due to COVID-19. This applied, quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest control group design with a two-month follow-up. The population consisted of bereaved survivors of deceased COVID-19 patients in Shiraz, Iran. Thirty-six eligible participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to a mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy group, a psychodrama therapy group, or a control group (12 participants per group). The interventions were delivered in group format over eight and ten 90-minute sessions respectively. Data were collected at pretest, posttest, and follow-up using the Distress Tolerance Scale and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised. Statistical analysis was conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS-22. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of time and significant interaction effects between time and group for all components of distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity (p < .001). Between-group comparisons indicated significant differences across all outcome variables (p < .001). Bonferroni post-hoc analyses demonstrated that both intervention groups significantly outperformed the control group, while the psychodrama group showed significantly greater improvement than the mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy group on all components (p < .05). Treatment gains were maintained at follow-up. Both mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodrama effectively enhanced distress tolerance and reduced anxiety sensitivity in bereaved COVID-19 survivors, with psychodrama producing superior and more durable outcomes.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Javid Karaminezhad (Author); Ali Nori (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Asgari (Author)
Love and Deception: Exploring the Lived Experience of Deceptive Men in Romantic Relationships
A romantic bond that is formed through reliance on deception constitutes a lust-driven and tension-inducing craving that, in addition to harming the victim, can also entrap the deceiver in severe and enduring suffering—ambiguous forms of suffering whose clarification has thus far been largely neglected in the literature. The objective of the present study was to explore the lived experience of deceptive men in unstable and deception-laden romantic relationships. The present study employed a qualitative design based on interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Using purposive sampling, the researcher selected and interviewed 18 individuals who had current or previous experiences of emotional deception. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and ultimately analyzed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis method proposed by Smith et al. (2009). Exploration of the participants’ lived experiences led to the identification of four superordinate themes: the death of secure beliefs and the consolidation of their contradictions; love as a fabricated lust with fourfold masks; soothing cognitive–moral justifications; and a hell called: the inability to love. Examination of the lived experiences of emotional deceivers revealed that emotional deception and engagement in false romantic relationships, apart from transient pleasures, leave profound and lasting suffering in these individuals. This destructive suffering gradually renders this group pessimistic toward themselves, others, human relationships, and life as a whole, making the re-experience of peace in their personal, relational, and social worlds difficult and, in some cases, virtually impossible.
interpretative phenomenological analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Mousa Choupani (Corresponding Author); Samareh Azarzobdeh, Tahereh Pouladkhani, Reza Alibabaei, Atefeh Afrashteh (Author)
Determination of the Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences (INDUC) and Its Relationship with General Health (GHQ-28) in an Iranian Population
The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences. This study was an exploratory investigation based on classical test theory and is classified as an instrument development study. The statistical population consisted of all individuals with a history of substance use who were receiving treatment at Karizak Addiction Treatment Center. A convenience sample of 382 participants was selected from this center. The Inventory of Drug Use Consequences (INDUC) is a standardized instrument for assessing the negative consequences of substance use, developed by Tonigan and Miller (2022). In this field study, data were collected using the INDUC and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were gathered through the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences (Tonigan & Miller, 2022) and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972) and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (principal component analysis) and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. Based on the findings of this study, the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and reliability in the Iranian population. Reliability and validity at both the subscale and total score levels, along with good model fit of the five-factor structure in both exploratory and confirmatory analyses, indicate the adequacy of the factor structure of this instrument. The results showed that the items of the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences possess acceptable reliability and adequate construct validity. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between the total scores and subscales of the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences and the General Health Questionnaire.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Tarzi (Author); Jalil Younisi Broujeni (Corresponding Author); Ali Fathi (Author)
The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Training on Academic Burnout, Self-Defeating Behavior, and Thought Control Strategies in Upper Secondary School Students
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of time perspective training on reducing academic burnout and self-defeating behavior and on improving thought control strategies among upper secondary school students. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments and a control group. Participants were 45 upper secondary school female students selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a structured time perspective training program based on Zimbardo’s theoretical framework delivered in 10 sessions over 8 weeks, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Academic Burnout Questionnaire, the Self-Defeating Behavior and Cognition Scale, and the Thought Control Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance, with Bonferroni post hoc comparisons. After controlling for pretest scores, significant group effects were observed for academic burnout (F = 316.32, p < .001, η² = .556), self-defeating behavior (F = 34.20, p < .001, η² = .430), and thought control strategies (F = 79.55, p < .001, η² = .369). Bonferroni comparisons indicated that the experimental group demonstrated significantly lower levels of academic burnout and self-defeating behavior and significantly higher adaptive thought control at posttest compared with the control group (p < .001). These effects remained stable at follow-up. Time perspective training constitutes a highly effective intervention for improving academic and psychological functioning in adolescents and offers a promising approach for school-based mental health and educational support programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saeb Seifi (Author); Faezeh Jahan (Corresponding Author); Nemat Sotoudeh, Noor Mohammad Rezaei (Author)