Performance Enhancement Model for Sports Coaches Based on Motivational Job Factors with Emphasis on Herzberg's Two-Factor Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Abstract

Human efficiency is not always predictable based on economic calculations and other psychological factors such as needs, motivation, and satisfaction must be considered. Sports organizations are among those that, if the working conditions for coaches are favorable, will more fully serve the goals of sports and physical education. This descriptive-survey research, in terms of nature and method, and applied in terms of purpose, was conducted using the structural equation modeling technique. The goal was to model the performance enhancement of sports coaches based on motivational job factors, emphasizing Herzberg's Two-Factor Motivation-Hygiene Theory. The statistical population of this study consists of all sports coaches working in sports clubs of municipalities, general departments of sports and youth, and education departments across the country. The sample was selected using multi-stage cluster and simple random sampling methods. In this method, the provinces of the country are the initial sampling units, and sports clubs within the provinces are sampled in the second stage, followed by a random selection of a number of sports clubs. Given the unlimited size of the statistical population, Cochran's formula was used in the present study. Therefore, the sample size, according to the above relation, is 384 individuals. To measure the research variables, a 78-item questionnaire on "Factors Affecting Job Motivation Enhancement" by researcher based on a five-point Likert scale, from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5), and a researcher-made questionnaire on coaches' performance (technical (knowledge) performance, leadership performance, emotional (intelligence) performance, communication (skills) performance, behavioral performance) were used. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the help of SPSS software version 21 and LISREL version 8.8. Considering the results, the path coefficients between motivational factors (individual, contextual, managerial-leadership, organizational) and performance enhancement are positive, with t-values greater than 1.96. Therefore, with 95 percent confidence, it can be concluded that these path coefficients are significant at the 0.05 error level, indicating that individual, contextual, managerial-leadership, and organizational dimensions have a significant and positive effect on the enhancement of sports coaches' performance.