Review of Factors Influencing ACL Tear in Football Players: A Descriptive Analysis

Narges  Ghelich Afshar; Mostafa  Soltani; Hajar   Naderinasab

doi:10.61838/kman.hn.3.1.11

Authors

Narges Ghelich Afshar Master Student of Sport Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport sciences, Allameh Qazvini Institute, Qazvin, Iran

Mostafa Soltani * Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education Instruction, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran mostafasoltani553@yahoo.com

Hajar Naderinasab PhD Student of Sport Management, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.hn.3.1.11

Keywords:

ACL injury, football players, biomechanics, injury prevention, neuromuscular training, playing surface, workload management

Abstract

This narrative review aims to explore the key factors influencing ACL injuries in football players. The review employs a descriptive analysis method, synthesizing evidence from peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024. Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords like "ACL injury," "football players," "biomechanics," and "prevention." Articles were included based on their focus on ACL injuries in football, encompassing epidemiological data, biomechanical analyses, and prevention strategies. Data from these studies were categorized into thematic areas such as intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors, injury mechanisms, and prevention methods. Intrinsic factors, including anatomical variations, hormonal influences, genetic predispositions, and neuromuscular deficits, significantly increase the risk of ACL injuries. Extrinsic factors, such as playing surfaces, footwear, workload management, and competition intensity, further compound injury risk. Non-contact mechanisms, including improper landing and pivoting, are the most common causes of ACL tears, driven by biomechanical and neuromuscular deficiencies. Evidence-based prevention strategies, such as the FIFA 11+ program and neuromuscular training, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing injury rates. Gender-specific considerations, particularly for female athletes, and the use of advanced wearable technology were highlighted as critical areas for targeted intervention. ACL injuries in football result from a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Effective prevention requires a multidisciplinary approach combining structured injury prevention programs, neuromuscular training, advanced equipment, and education for players and coaches. Addressing gaps in gender-specific strategies and global disparities is essential for further reducing injury rates and promoting long-term player health.