Psychology of Woman Journal

About the Journal

E-ISSN: 3041-8615
Director in Charge: Dr. Seyed Ali Darbani
Editor-in-chief: Dr. Shokoh Navabinejad
Associate editor: Dr. Nadereh Saadati
Executive Director: Maryam Nayebzadeh
Owner: Iranian Association for Women's Studies
Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB)
Contact Email: psywoman@kmanpub.com /psychowomenjournal@gmail.com
Open Access: YES

The psychology of woman journal publishes new theories and scientific-research achievements in various areas and is a suitable platform for presenting and transmitting opinions and results obtained about new findings and studies that are raised in relation with women studies. The publication of this journal causes a detailed and valuable acquaintance and recognition of the studies which can show that how women have a great contribution in the society. Therefore, articles that are dedicated to the psychological and social issues of women and are written according to the scientific structure of the journal will be able to be published in this journal. Therefore, experts and scholars can submit their manuscripts for peer-review and publication in this scientific quarterly by becoming a member of the site. The Psychology of Woman Journal is a scientific open peer-reviewed.

The aims and scopes of the journal are to publish articles in the field of women and family, with the following priorities:

Pathology and providing solutions for women and family issues
Examining and presenting new findings in the theoretical fields of women and family issues from a religious perspective
Identifying the needs, abilities of women and the fields of their presence during the development of the Islamic system
Explaining the role of women in social processes and social psychology
Creating and presenting a new paradigm in the field of women in the country
Development of research related to women from the perspective of social psychology and sociology
Criticizing and examining the views of schools and experts in the field of women and family

About the Publisher

Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc.
Publisher Office: Unit 5‑10825 Yonge St, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C 3E3
Website: https://journals.kmanpub.com
Email: psywoman@kmanpub.com
Telegram: +1 (647) 656‑4401
WhatsApp: +1 (437) 429‑3507
Germany Office: Dratelnstrasse, Wohnung A60, 21119 Hamburg, Germany (+4915207720487)

Current Issue

Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Serial Number 27

Published: 2026-05-27

Articles

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Transdiagnostic Treatment on Fear of Happiness in Mothers of Children with Autism

Shima Mousavi, Hosein Ebrahimi Moghaddam, Shahram Nematzadeh (Author)

1-10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4935
Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Agreeableness and Sense of Coherence in Women with Marital Conflicts

Bourteh Heybati Sadatmahale (Author); Soheila Mazloum Vajari (Corresponding Author)

1-10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5111
The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Alexithymia with Emotional Divorce in Married Women

Roghayeh Mohammadi Achacheloi (Corresponding Author); Fatemeh Nasehi, Zeinab Amini (Author)

1-10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5004
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Experiential Avoidance in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Fatemeh Gholizadeh (Author); Firoozeh Zangeneh Motlagh (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Reza Bayat (Author)

1-11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4961
Modeling Women's Psychological Flourishing Based on Self-Compassion, Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Social Support, and Body Appreciation: The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility

Martín Echeverría (Author); Sophie Langlois (Corresponding Author); José Maldonado (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5413
Predicting Women's Life Satisfaction Through Self-Esteem, Meaning in Life, Social Connectedness, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation: A Serial Mediation Model

Katarína Horváthová (Author); Daniel Chen (Corresponding Author); Petar Ivanov (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5422
The Relationship Between Childhood Emotional Neglect and Intimacy Avoidance in Women: The Mediating Roles of Rejection Sensitivity, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Anxiety

Keisuke Nakamura (Author); Rebecca Collins (Corresponding Author)

1-13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5433
The Relationship Between Cybervictimization and Depression Among Women: The Mediating Roles of Rumination, Self-Esteem, and Social Support

Elena Stoyanova (Author); Nathaniel Brooks (Corresponding Author); Minh Tran Quoc (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5441
Predicting Women's Psychological Flourishing Using XGBoost: The Relative Importance of Self-Compassion, Resilience, Emotional Intelligence, and Social Support

Zuzana Kováčová (Author); Jacob Sinclair (Corresponding Author); Luca Ferraro (Author)

1-13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5446
CatBoost-Based Prediction of Marital Satisfaction in Women From Attachment Security, Emotional Regulation, Relationship Commitment, and Communication Patterns

Salma Abdelnour (Author); Chen Yu-Han (Corresponding Author)

1-13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5459
Random Forest Prediction of Maternal Burnout Based on Parenting Stress, Perfectionism, Emotional Dysregulation, and Family Functioning

Tamar Gelashvili (Author); Aina Syafiqah Noor (Corresponding Author); Zainab Al-Obaidi (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5467
TabNet Prediction of Depression Risk Among Women Through Rumination, Social Isolation, Self-Criticism, and Intolerance of Uncertainty

Kwame Owusu-Afriyie (Author); Mercy Atieno (Corresponding Author); Sanduni Jayawardena (Author)

1-13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5474
Prediction of Covert Relational Aggression Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas and Fear of Intimacy in Married Women

Khadijeh Peyvasteh Hajimahalleh (Author); Mansooreh Fazilati (Corresponding Author)

1-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4394
Prediction of Women’s Sexual Well-Being Based on Spouses’ Autistic Personality Traits, Alexithymia, and Empathy: The Mediating Role of Loneliness

Zhaleh Ghorbanpour kalateh Molaei, Haeideh Saberi, Simin Bashardoost (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4874
Effectiveness of Group Training Based on Choice Theory on Family Functioning and Responsibility in Married Women

Parviz Moradianzand (Corresponding Author); Zohre Rezaei , Roghye Falihi , Mitraa Esmaeilian (Author)

1-11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4902
Lived Experience of Women Applying for Divorce from Marital Life with a Husband Having Cluster B Personality Disorders: A Phenomenological Study

Somayeh Aghajani (Author); Mahnaz Haji Heydari (Corresponding Author)

1-18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4936
Prediction of Borderline Personality Disorder Based on Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation, and Social Support in Women

Panthea Mehrarashk, Alireza Pirkhaefi (Author)

1-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.5119
The Relationship between Self-Compassion, Interpersonal Emotion Regulation, and Coping Styles with Quality of Life in Women after Mastectomy Surgery

Faeze Khalatbari (Author); Maryam Asadolah Tooyserkani (Corresponding Author)

1-10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4900

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Comparing the Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy and Logotherapy in Reducing Feelings of Emptiness Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Mehraneh Gharehguzlu iD , Javad Khalatbari ^* iD , Farhad Jomehri iD , Rozita Haji Bagher Naeeni iD

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and logotherapy in reducing feelings of emptiness among women diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest control-group design with a six-month follow-up. The statistical population comprised all female patients with multiple sclerosis who attended hospitals affiliated with Islamic Azad University in Tehran between September 2025 and March 2026. Using purposive sampling, 45 eligible patients were selected and randomly assigned to compassion-focused therapy, logotherapy, and control groups, with 15 participants in each group. Data were collected using Reker’s Life Attitude Profile (1992). The intervention groups received compassion-focused therapy based on Gilbert’s protocol and logotherapy based on Frankl’s approach and the protocol developed by Bahaeloo Horeh and Khosh Akhlagh, whereas the control group received no psychological intervention during the study period. Assessments were conducted at the pretest, posttest, and six-month follow-up stages. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and mixed-design analysis of variance in SPSS version 26.

Findings: Mixed-design analysis of variance indicated significant effects of time, group, and the time-by-group interaction on feelings of emptiness (p < .05). Both compassion-focused therapy and logotherapy produced significant reductions in feelings of emptiness from pretest to posttest compared with the control group. Pairwise comparisons further demonstrated that logotherapy resulted in a significantly greater reduction in feelings of emptiness than compassion-focused therapy (p < .05).

Conclusion: Both compassion-focused therapy and logotherapy are effective psychological interventions for reducing feelings of emptiness among women with multiple sclerosis, although logotherapy appears to produce stronger and more persistent therapeutic effects. Logotherapy may therefore be prioritized in psychological rehabilitation programs designed to improve existential well-being in this clinical population.

A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Communication Patterns in Women Involved in Extramarital Relationships

Masoome Jafari iD , Behzad Ali Gohari ^* iD , Rahim Davari iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on communication patterns among women involved in extramarital relationships.

Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study employed a three-group design with pretest, posttest, and two-month follow-up assessments. The statistical population consisted of married women with a history of extramarital relationships who attended counseling centers affiliated with the Tehran Welfare Organization and the Iranian Psychological Association in 2026. Forty-five participants were selected through volunteer sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: STPP (n = 15), ACT (n = 15), and a control group (n = 15). The intervention groups received eight weekly individual therapy sessions, while the control group received no structured intervention. Data were collected using the Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis tests, repeated-measures ANCOVA, Welch tests, and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons in SPSS-27.

Findings: No significant differences were observed among the groups at baseline for mutual constructive communication, demand–withdraw communication, or mutual avoidance communication (p > .05). Repeated-measures ANCOVA demonstrated significant Time × Group interactions for mutual constructive communication (F = 4.379, p = .020, η² = .196) and demand–withdraw communication (F = 12.842, p < .001, η² = .416), indicating superior improvement in the intervention groups compared with the control group. Significant between-group effects were also observed for mutual constructive communication (F = 20.373, p < .001, η² = .531), demand–withdraw communication (F = 136.480, p < .001, η² = .883), and mutual avoidance communication (F = 101.130, p < .001, η² = .849). Bonferroni analyses revealed that STPP produced significantly greater improvements at follow-up in constructive communication and reductions in demand–withdraw patterns, whereas ACT showed the lowest levels of mutual avoidance communication.

Conclusion: Both STPP and ACT were effective interventions for improving communication patterns among women involved in extramarital relationships. However, STPP demonstrated stronger and more durable effects on enhancing constructive communication and reducing demand–withdraw interactions, while ACT was particularly effective in reducing communication avoidance. These findings support the clinical utility of both approaches for addressing communication difficulties and promoting healthier marital interactions in women experiencing relational distress associated with extramarital involvement.

The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Self-Esteem, Self-Compassion, and Loneliness in Divorced Women with Depressive Symptoms: A Case Study

Seyed Ali Mosavi iD , Heydarali Zarei ^* iD

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy in improving self-esteem and self-compassion and reducing loneliness among divorced women with depressive symptoms.

Methods and Materials: This applied study was conducted using a single-case experimental design with a multiple-baseline structure. The statistical population consisted of divorced women with depressive symptoms who referred to counseling and treatment centers in Khoy, Iran, in 2025. Three participants were selected through purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria, including elevated depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. The participants received a 10-session schema therapy protocol based on Young’s model. Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Neff Self-Compassion Scale, and Russell Loneliness Scale. The data were analyzed through visual analysis, including level, trend, stability, immediate change, and overlap indices, as well as quantitative indices including reliable change index, effect size, and mean percentage of improvement.

Findings: The results of visual and quantitative analyses indicated that schema therapy produced clinically meaningful and stable improvements in all target variables. The intervention had a large effect on self-esteem, with an effect size of 3.71, indicating a substantial increase after treatment. Self-compassion also improved significantly, with a large effect size of 1.84. In addition, loneliness showed a meaningful reduction, with a large negative effect size of -1.68. All components of self-compassion, including self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification, demonstrated statistically meaningful improvement patterns. The reliable change indices and improvement percentages confirmed the stability and clinical significance of the therapeutic changes across participants.

Conclusion: Schema therapy appears to be an effective psychological intervention for enhancing self-esteem and self-compassion and reducing loneliness in divorced women with depressive symptoms.

Development of a Predictive Model of Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Based on Health-Promoting Lifestyle with the Mediating Role of Illness Perception in Female Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Nooshin Gharibpanah iD , Sara Hashemi ^* iD , Setareh Tehrani iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: This study aimed to determine the mediating role of illness perception in the relationship between health-promoting lifestyle and psychosocial adjustment to illness among female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study using a structural equation modeling design. The statistical population included all female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who referred to hospitals affiliated with Islamic Azad University in Tehran, including Bou-Ali, Farhikhtegan, and Amir-Al-Momenin hospitals, as well as the Lupus Association, during the first six months of 2025. Based on the inclusion criteria, 280 participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale developed by Derogatis (1986), the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile developed by Walker (1990), and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire developed by Broadbent et al. (2006). Data were analyzed using regression analysis and structural equation modeling through SPSS and PLS software at a significance level of 0.05.

Findings: The inferential findings showed that health-promoting lifestyle had a significant relationship with psychosocial adjustment to illness in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, illness perception was significantly associated with psychosocial adjustment to illness. The results of structural equation modeling confirmed the mediating role of illness perception in the relationship between health-promoting lifestyle and psychosocial adjustment to illness. Accordingly, the indirect path from health-promoting lifestyle to psychosocial adjustment through illness perception was statistically significant, indicating that patients’ cognitive appraisal of their illness plays an important explanatory role in how health-related lifestyle behaviors affect psychosocial adaptation.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of mediating cognitive processes in adaptation to chronic illness and indicate that promoting health-related behaviors alone may not be sufficient. Interventions for women with systemic lupus erythematosus should also focus on modifying patients’ illness perceptions and cognitive interpretations in order to improve psychosocial adjustment.

Machine Learning Prediction of Anxiety Symptoms in Pregnant Women Based on Pregnancy-Specific Stress, Social Support, and Health Literacy

Mahboobeh Karimian iD , Seyed Ali Darbani ^* iD , Maryam Mousavi iD , Mahdis Fatemi iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: The present study aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning models for predicting anxiety symptoms among pregnant women based on pregnancy-specific stress, social support, and health literacy and to determine the relative importance of these predictors in identifying women at risk for elevated anxiety during pregnancy.

Methods and Materials: This applied cross-sectional predictive study was conducted among 384 pregnant women attending prenatal care centers and obstetric clinics in Tehran. Participants were selected through multistage convenience sampling and completed a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, a Pregnancy-Specific Stress Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults Questionnaire. Following data preprocessing and descriptive analyses, machine learning techniques were employed to predict anxiety symptoms. The dataset was divided into training and testing subsets, and several supervised learning algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were developed and evaluated using cross-validation procedures. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Feature importance analyses were conducted to identify the relative contribution of predictor variables.

Findings: Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between pregnancy-specific stress and anxiety symptoms and significant negative relationships between anxiety symptoms, social support, and health literacy. All machine learning algorithms demonstrated acceptable predictive performance; however, ensemble learning methods substantially outperformed traditional models. The XGBoost algorithm achieved the highest predictive accuracy (93%), precision (91%), recall (90%), F1-score (90%), and AUC (0.97), indicating excellent classification performance. Feature importance analysis showed that pregnancy-specific stress was the strongest predictor of anxiety symptoms, followed by social support and health literacy. Together, these findings demonstrated that psychosocial and informational factors could accurately predict anxiety risk among pregnant women and that advanced machine learning techniques effectively captured the complex relationships among these variables.

Conclusion: Pregnancy-specific stress, social support, and health literacy are significant predictors of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy, with pregnancy-specific stress representing the most influential factor. Machine learning models, particularly XGBoost, provide highly accurate prediction of maternal anxiety risk and may serve as valuable tools for early screening, prevention, and targeted intervention within prenatal healthcare settings. Strengthening social support systems and improving maternal health literacy may help reduce anxiety symptoms and enhance psychological well-being during pregnancy.

Modeling Marital Satisfaction Based on Differentiation of Self and Perceived Social Support: The Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being

Zahra Shafiei Sarvestani iD , Hossein Pourshahriar ^* iD , Omid Shokri iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between differentiation of self and perceived social support with marital satisfaction among married female teachers.

Methods and Materials: The present study employed a descriptive-correlational design using path analysis modeling. The statistical population consisted of married female teachers working in elementary, lower secondary, and upper secondary schools in Shiraz during the 2023–2024 academic year who had at least one child. A total of 378 participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Differentiation of Self Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-18 software.

Findings: The findings demonstrated that the proposed structural model had an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.04). Differentiation of self had a positive and significant direct effect on marital satisfaction (β = 0.108, p < 0.05) and also an indirect effect through psychological well-being (β = 0.276, p < 0.05). Perceived social support similarly showed significant direct (β = 0.124, p < 0.05) and indirect effects (β = 0.180, p < 0.05) on marital satisfaction through psychological well-being. Psychological well-being had a strong direct effect on marital satisfaction (β = 0.557, p < 0.05). Furthermore, differentiation of self and perceived social support significantly predicted psychological well-being, with coefficients of 0.496 and 0.323, respectively (p < 0.05). The model explained 45% of the variance in marital satisfaction and 38% of the variance in psychological well-being.

Conclusion: The results indicated that psychological well-being plays an important mediating role in the relationship between differentiation of self, perceived social support, and marital satisfaction.

The Relationship of Self-Handicapping and Mood Disorders with Self-Concept in Elderly Women

Hamidreza Rezazadeh Bahadoran ^* iD , Fatemeh Sadat Mirsarshari iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-handicapping and mood disorders with self-concept among elderly women in Tehran.

Methods and Materials: This applied study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population consisted of 254 elderly women residing in Tehran. Based on Cochran’s formula, 153 participants were selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Jones and Rhodewalt Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS), the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), and Rogers’ Self-Concept Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics, while Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among the study variables.

Findings: Inferential statistical analyses revealed significant relationships between self-handicapping, mood disorders, and self-concept among elderly women (p < .05). Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that higher levels of self-handicapping were associated with poorer self-concept. Similarly, mood disorder symptoms demonstrated a significant negative relationship with self-concept, suggesting that increased emotional and mood-related difficulties corresponded with lower levels of positive self-perception. Regression analyses further showed that self-handicapping and mood disorders significantly predicted self-concept and jointly accounted for a meaningful proportion of its variance. The findings suggest that psychological and emotional factors play an important role in shaping self-concept during late adulthood.

Conclusion: The results indicate that both self-handicapping behaviors and mood disorders are significantly associated with self-concept in elderly women. Individuals experiencing greater mood-related disturbances and engaging more frequently in self-handicapping behaviors tend to report a less positive self-concept.

The Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy on Defense Mechanisms, Emotional Distress Tolerance, and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Married Women with Psychosomatic Disorder Symptoms

Zeinab Haghighi iD , Milad Abedi Ghelich Gheshlaghi ^* iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on defense mechanisms, emotional distress tolerance, and psychosomatic symptoms in married women with symptoms of psychosomatic disorder.

Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study used a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The participants were married women with symptoms of psychosomatic disorder in Isfahan. Eligible participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of emotional schema therapy, while the control group received no psychological intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Defense Style Questionnaire-40, the Distress Tolerance Scale, and the Psychosomatic Symptoms Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and follow-up ANCOVA tests.

Findings: The multivariate results showed a significant overall effect of emotional schema therapy on the combined outcomes, Wilks’ Λ = .246, F(5, 24) = 14.68, p = .001, η² = .75. Follow-up analyses showed significant effects on mature defense, F(1, 28) = 9.73, p = .004, η² = .25; immature defense, F(1, 28) = 6.25, p = .010, η² = .18; neurotic defense, F(1, 28) = 14.90, p = .001, η² = .34; emotional distress tolerance, F(1, 28) = 32.58, p = .001, η² = .53; and psychosomatic symptoms, F(1, 28) = 4.54, p = .040, η² = .14.

Conclusion: Emotional schema therapy improved defensive functioning, increased emotional distress tolerance, and reduced psychosomatic symptoms in married women with psychosomatic disorder symptoms. Therefore, it may be considered an effective intervention for improving emotional and somatic functioning in this population.

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