Pre-to-Post Changes in Planned Change-of-Direction and Sprint Performance Following Eight Weeks of Adaptive Footwork Training in SL3 and SL4 Para-Badminton Athletes: A Preliminary Single-Group Study

Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan; Sigit Nugroho; Rezha Arzhan  Hidayat; Fadli Ihsan; Ikhsan Kurniawan; Zarizi Ab Rahman

Authors

Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Corresponding Author https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7744-3005
Sigit Nugroho Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-3839
Rezha Arzhan Hidayat Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-1181
Fadli Ihsan Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1970-816X
Ikhsan Kurniawan Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1402-3915
Zarizi Ab Rahman Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-7167

Keywords:

para-badminton, footwork training, Agility, Speed, disability sport

Abstract

Objective: Evidence on structured footwork training in standing lower-limb para-badminton athletes remains limited, particularly across SL3 and SL4 classifications. This preliminary exploratory study examined pre-to-post changes in planned change-of-direction and sprint performance following an eight-week adaptive footwork training programme and explored whether response patterns differed between SL3 and SL4 athletes.

Methods and Materials: Sixteen provincial-level para-badminton athletes (SL3, n = 8; SL4, n = 8) completed a single-group pretest–posttest intervention consisting of 24 sessions over eight weeks (three sessions/week). Planned change-of-direction performance was assessed using the T-test and linear sprint performance using the 20-m sprint test. Paired-samples t-tests, Cohen’s dz, percentage change, and 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA (Time × Sport Classification) were used.

Findings: T-test completion time decreased from 16.06 ± 0.52 to 15.50 ± 0.50 s (3.53%; p < 0.001; dz = 3.63), while 20-m sprint time decreased from 6.07 ± 0.70 to 5.54 ± 0.51 s (8.69%; p < 0.001; dz = 1.76). The Time × Classification interaction was not significant for T-test performance (p = 0.292) but was significant for sprint performance (p = 0.004), with a larger reduction in SL3 than SL4 athletes. Training adherence was high (95.50 ± 3.54%).

Conclusion: Lower post-intervention T-test and sprint times were observed following the programme, with a preliminary classification-related sprint pattern. Because of the single-group design, small sample, and exploratory subgroup analyses, these findings should not be interpreted as definitive evidence of causal intervention efficacy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Manrique DC, González-Badillo JJ. Analysis Of The Characteristics Of Competitive Badminton. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003;37(1):62-6. [PMID: 12547746] [PMCID: PMC1724585] [DOI]

2. Valldecabres R, Casal CA, Guilherme J, Chiminazzo C. Players' On-Court Movements And Contextual Variables In Badminton World Championship. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1-9. [PMID: 32754094] [PMCID: PMC7365866] [DOI]

3. Winata B, Brochhagen J, Apriantono T, Hoppe M. Match-Play Data According To Playing Categories In Badminton: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2025;7. [PMID: 40078442] [PMCID: PMC11897274] [DOI]

4. Sheppard JM, Young W. Agility Literature Review: Classifications, Training And Testing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006;24(9):919-32. [PMID: 16882626] [DOI]

5. Arnando M, Syafruddin S, Okilanda A, Sasmitha W, Saputra M, Sepriadi S, et al. The Influence Of Agility Training On The Badminton Athletes' Ability. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences. 2024;12(2):356-62. [DOI]

6. Deng N, Soh KG, Abdullah BB, Huang D. Effects Of Plyometric Training On Skill-Related Physical Fitness In Badminton Players: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10(6). [PMID: 38533062] [PMCID: PMC10963376] [DOI]

7. Kurniawan IF, Suherman A, Mulyanto R. The Effectiveness Of Hurdle Drill And Shadow Exercises To Improve Footwork Skills In Badminton. Kinestetik: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani. 2024;8(1):146-53. [DOI]

8. Malwanage KT, Senadheera VV, Dassanayake TL. Effect Of Balance Training On Footwork Performance In Badminton: An Interventional Study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(11):1-14. [PMID: 36395192] [PMCID: PMC9671355] [DOI]

9. Nugroho S, Hidayat RA, Komari A, Pratama KW, Karakauki M, Ali SKS. Effect Of Plyometric Exercise And Leg Muscle Endurance On The Agility And Vo₂max Of Badminton Athletes. Physical Education Theory and Methodology. 2022;22. [DOI]

10. Pauole K, Madole K, Garhammer J, Lacourse M, Rozenek R. Reliability And Validity Of The T-Test As A Measure Of Agility, Leg Power, And Leg Speed In College-Aged Men And Women. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2000;14(4):443-50. [DOI]

11. Fitri M, Hazazi Ali R, Tantra Paramitha S, Zaky M, Sulastri A, Apriady H, et al. Feasibility Study Of Technology Footwork Ability Test On National Disability Badminton Athletes. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2024;7(5):1132-8. [DOI]

12. Tweedy S, Vanlandewijck Y. International Paralympic Committee Position Stand—Background And Scientific Principles Of Classification In Paralympic Sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;45(4):259-69. [PMID: 19850575] [DOI]

13. Oliveira SFMD, Oliveira J, Alves JF, Fernandes TD, Haiachi MDC, Felder H. Change Of Direction Profile In Parabadminton: The Role Of Impairment Type And Anthropometric Factors. Advances in Rehabilitation. 2025;39(3):40-52. [DOI]

14. Oliveira SFMD, Oliveira JIVD, Alves JF, Lourenço TF, Haiachi MC, Felder H. Muscle Power Performance In Parabadminton Athletes: Influence Of Classification, Impairment Type, And Anthropometric Factors. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2025;20(6):2587-95. [DOI]

15. Strapasson AM, Baessa DJ, Duarte E. Campeonato Mundial De Parabadminton: Caracterização Dos Atletas Participantes. Conexões. 2015;13(2):219-28. [DOI]

16. Strapasson AM, Simim MADM, Chiminazzo JGCC, Leonardi TJ, Rodríguez-Paes R. Are Technical And Timing Components In Para-Badminton Classifications Different? International Journal of Racket Sports Science. 2021. [DOI]

17. Bezodis NE, Willwacher S, Salo A. The Biomechanics Of The Track And Field Sprint START: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(9):1345-64. [PMID: 31209732] [PMCID: PMC6684547] [DOI]

18. Mine T, Cengiz T, Turgut K, Halil T. Relationships Between Quickness And Speed Performance In Amputee Footballers. Science, Movement and Health. 2014;14(2):580.

19. Miyamoto A, Maehana H, Yanagiya T. The Relationship Between Sprint Speed And Sprint Motion In Amputee Soccer Players. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity. 2019;12(2):9. [DOI]

20. Vanlandewijck YC. Contribution Of Sport Science To Performance: Wheelchair Rugby. Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete2016. p. 172-98. [DOI]

21. Erdoğdu M, Yüksel MF, Işık B, Boyalı E, Erdağı K, Sevindi T. The Effects Of Acute Moderate Intensity Training On Hematological Parameters In Elite Para-Badminton Athletes. Journal of Men's Health. 2021;18(2):35. [DOI]

22. Sobko Y, Sobko IN. Basic Approaches To Sports Training Of Athletes In Para-Badminton: A Review Article. Health, Sport, Rehabilitation, and Physical Therapy. 2024;5(1):27-36. [DOI]

23. Chin T, Sawamura S, Fujita H, Nakajima S, Ojima I, Oyabu H, et al. Effect Of Endurance Training Program Based On Anaerobic Threshold (At) For Lower Limb Amputees. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2001;38(1):7-11.

24. Delbello F, Zullo L, Giacomini A, Bizzarini E. Enhancing Performance And Quality Of Life In Lower Limb Amputees: Physical Activity, A Valuable Tool-A Scoping Review. Healthcare. 2026;14(2):253. [PMID: 41595390] [PMCID: PMC12841301] [DOI]

25. Haff GG, Triplett NT. Essentials Of Strength Training And Conditioning: Human Kinetics; 2026.

26. Lakens D. Calculating And Reporting Effect Sizes To Facilitate Cumulative Science: A Practical Primer For T-Tests And Anovas. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4:863. [PMID: 24324449] [DOI]

27. Ma S, Xue W, Soh KG, Liu H, Xu F, Sun M, et al. Effects Of Physical Training Programs On Healthy Badminton Players' Performance: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2025;17:189. [PMID: 40635082] [PMCID: PMC12239426] [DOI]

28. Sun M, Soh KG, Cao S, Yaacob AB, Ma S, Ding C. Effects Of Speed, Agility, And Quickness Training On Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2025;17(1):66. [PMID: 40170059] [PMCID: PMC11963327] [DOI]

29. Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. Effect Sizes For Paired Data Should Use The Change Score Variability Rather Than The Pre-Test Variability. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018;35(6):1773-8. [PMID: 30358698] [DOI]

30. Goulet-Pelletier J, Cousineau D. A Review Of Effect Sizes And Their Confidence Intervals, Part I: The Cohen'S D Family. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 2018;14(4):242-65. [PMCID: PMC11627399] [DOI]

31. Young W, Rayner R, Talpey S. It'S Time To Change Direction On Agility Research: A Call To Action. Sports Medicine - Open. 2021;7(1):12. [PMID: 33580424] [PMCID: PMC7881072] [DOI]

32. Nimphius S, Callaghan SJ, Bezodis NE, Lockie RG. Change Of Direction And Agility Tests: Challenging Our Current Measures Of Performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2017;40(1):26-38. [PMCID: PMC10936847] [DOI]

33. Gabbett TJ, Kelly J, Sheppard JM. Speed, Change Of Direction Speed, And Reactive Agility Of Rugby League Players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2008;22(1):174-81. [PMID: 18296972] [PMCID: PMC8577058] [DOI]

34. Yu L, Mohamad NI. Development Of Badminton-Specific Footwork Training From Traditional Physical Exercise To Novel Intervention Approaches. Physical Activity and Health. 2022;6(1):219-25. [DOI]

35. Falch HN. Effect Of Different Physical Training Forms On Change Of Direction Ability: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine - Open. 2019;5(1). [PMID: 31858292] [PMCID: PMC6923302] [DOI]

36. Badminton World Federation. Para-Badminton Classification Regulations (Pbcr). 2024.

37. Kusnaedi K, Pratiwi RDDC, Bahri S, Apriantono T, Syafriani R, Fathannisa TB. The Biomotor Characteristics And Vital Lung Capacity Of Indonesian Elite Para-Badminton Athletes. Studia Sportiva. 2025;19(2). [DOI]

38. Reina R, Sarabia JM, Caballero C, Yanci J. How Does The Ball Influence The Performance Of Change Of Direction And Sprint Tests In Para-Footballers With Brain Impairments? Implications For Evidence-Based Classification In Cp-Football. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11). [PMID: 29099836] [PMCID: PMC5669430] [DOI]

39. Ihsan F, Nasrulloh A, Nugroho S, Yuniana R. The Effect Of Shadow Training And Muscle Endurance On Agility Of Badminton Athletes 12-17 Years Of Age. Retos. 2024;54:36-45. [DOI]