Quantitative Risk Assessment of Outdoor Fitness Equipment Safety in Rainy Conditions Using the L-Type Matrix Method

Abstract

Objective: To address a critical gap in proactive risk management for public recreational infrastructure, this study quantitatively assesses the safety risks posed by rainy weather on outdoor fitness equipment using the L-type matrix method.

Methods: A mixed-method approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative data, was employed. A total of 240 participants from two similar outdoor fitness parks evaluated the usability of eight different equipment pieces (B1-B8) on a 0-2 scale (0=Unusable, 1=Cautious Use, 2=Usable) under wet conditions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the L-Type Matrix Risk Analysis—where probability (O) was calculated as O = 2 - Usability Score to accurately reflect accident likelihood—and one/two-way analysis of variance tests. Qualitative data from the focus group interviews were analyzed through content analysis.

Results: The L-Type Matrix analysis revealed that seven out of the eight equipment pieces posed a "high risk," and one (B2 - Elliptical Bike) posed a "very high risk." The elliptical bike (B2) had the lowest usability score (0.23), correlating with the highest accident probability. No significant differences were found based on gender or age (p > 0.05), confirming that environmental factors are the primary risk determinants, not user demographics. Qualitative findings strongly supported these results, with 81% of participants reporting significant safety concerns regarding surface slipperiness and 68% highlighting water accumulation and corrosion issues.

Conclusion: This study provides quantitative evidence that rainy conditions create serious safety hazards in outdoor fitness areas. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating environmental safety parameters—such as non-slip and permeable surfaces, effective drainage, corrosion-resistant materials, and clear warning systems—as a core component of the design, planning, and maintenance of public exercise infrastructure. The application of the L-type matrix method demonstrates its utility as a practical tool for proactive risk assessment in this context.